Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

  1. ์ •ํšŒ์› ยท ์ธ์ฒœ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • (Incheon National University ยท agiko0@inu.ac.kr)
  2. ์ธ์ฒœ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • (Incheon National University ยท rabeaasif19@gmail.com)
  3. ์ •ํšŒ์› ยท ๊ต์‹ ์ €์ž ยท ์ธ์ฒœ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋„์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์ •๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ธ์ฒœ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ผํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ์žฅ (Corresponding Author ยท Incheon National University ยท jongp24@inu.ac.kr)



์†ก์œ ๊ด€, ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ, ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„, ์ตœ์ ํ™”
Oil pipelines, Unconventional oil, Finite element analysis, Optimization

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์›์ธ ์„์œ ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์ž์›์ด๋ฉฐ ์›์œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›์œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„์œ ์ž์›์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ž˜์— ์„์œ ๊ฐ€ ํก์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณ ์ฒดํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์˜ค์ผ์ƒŒ๋“œ์— ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ ์šฉ๋งค์™€ ๊ณ ์˜จ ๊ณ ์••์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„์œ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ES-SAGD (Expanding Solvent-Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) ๊ณต๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Dong et al., 2019). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ๋น„์ „ํ†ต์˜ค์ผ ์ž์›์ด๋ผ ์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์›๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค์ผ์ƒŒ๋“œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ์„์œ ๋ฅผ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๋ถ€์‹ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ขŒ๊ตด๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Polenta et al., 2015). Fig. 1 ์€ ์•ž์„  ์ขŒ๊ตด๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค. ES-SAGD ๊ณต๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋œจ๊ฒ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์œ ๋œ ์„์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์€ ์ขŒ๊ตด๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ ํ™”์žฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 12์›”์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํฌํ•ญ์˜ ํฌ์Šค์ฝ” ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ™”์žฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Ansys Workbench (2022) ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(Multiple Finite Element Analysis)์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„ ์‹œ์— ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ๋‘๊ป˜, ๊ฐ๋„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„๊ต๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฒœ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์ผํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์˜ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•ด์„์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ ์ฒดํ•ด์„, ์—ด ํ•ด์„, ์ •์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ•ด์„ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Mao et al., 2023; Wiseman and Barkey, 2019). ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ขŒ๊ตด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์ €๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. Accident Cases in Non-conventional Oil Pipelines: (a) Buckling Deformation of Yeoncheon Oil Pipeline, (b) Oil Pipeline Destroyed due to Buckling, (c) POSCO Factory Fire Accident
../../Resources/KSCE/Ksce.2024.44.3.0271/fig1.png

2. ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ์„ค๊ณ„

2.1 ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์„ ์ •

Fig. 2(a)๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ฒœ ์˜ค์ผํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์˜ ์ „๊ฒฝ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ Fig. 2(b)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋œ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ญํ• ์€ ์œ ์ˆ˜(99.97 %), ์—ญ์ฒญ(0.02 %) ๋ฐ CO2(0.01 %)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์˜ค์ผ์„ ํƒˆ์ง€ ํƒฑํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ IGF(Induced Gas Flotation)๊นŒ์ง€ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ 750 mm, ์ˆ˜์ง ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ 350 mm, ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ 90ยฐ, ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„ 265 mm ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋กœ ์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ์„ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 1474 mm๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋“ค์€ ๋ณผํŠธ๋กœ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์‹œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ • ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹จ๋ฉด์€ ๋‚ด๊ฒฝ 73 mm, ์™ธ๊ฒฝ, 58.98 mm, ๋‘๊ป˜ 7.01 mm์˜ SCH80 ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ฒœ ์˜ค์ผํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์œ ์†์„ 0.688 m/s๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œ ์† ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 2. Modelling of Standard Pipeline from Yeoncheon Oil Plant: (a) Yeoncheon Oil Plant, (b) Standard Pipeline Modelled in Ansys
../../Resources/KSCE/Ksce.2024.44.3.0271/fig2.png

2.2 ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ์ขŒ๊ตด์ €๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ค์ •

Table 1 ์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์†Œ์œ ๊ด€ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Case ID๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. GC๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์—ฐ์ฒœ ์˜ค์ผํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. MC1๊ณผ MC2๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‘” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ GC์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. MC1 ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ AISI 304 Stainless Steel์€ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ์ œ์กฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ด๋ฉฐ MC2์˜ Inconel 614 Alloy๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค(Lopez, 2005; Sah, 2023). ๊ฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ Table 2 ์— ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Size cases๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜์— ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด SC1์€ GC๋ณด๋‹ค ์–‡์€ ๋‘๊นจ(5.16 mm), SC2๋Š” GC๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๋‘๊ป˜(14.02 mm)๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™ํšŒ(ASME)์˜ ASME B36.10M-2015 (2015) ์ฝ”๋“œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์œ ์†์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์™ธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ถ•์†Œ, ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” GC์˜ 90ยฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ 45ยฐ, 25ยฐ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ AC1๊ณผ AC2 ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 1. Classification of Oil Pipelines according to Variables

Variable

Case ID

Pipe Material

Pipe Thickness (mm)

Pipe Angle (ยฐ)

General case

GC

Carbon Steel

7.01

90

Material cases

MC1

AISI 304 Stainless Steel

7.01

90

MC2

Inconel 617 Alloy

7.01

90

Size cases

SC1

Carbon Steel

5.16

90

SC2

Carbon Steel

14.02

90

Angle cases

AC1

Carbon Steel

7.01

45

AC2

Carbon Steel

7.01

25

Optimized case

OC

Inconel 617 Alloy

14.02

25

Table 2. Physical and Thermal Properties of Materials

Pipeline Material

Carbon Steel

AISI 304 Stainless Steel

Inconel Alloy 617

Density (g/cm3)

7.85

8.00

8.36

Modulus of elasticity (Gpa)

200

193

173

Poison's ratio

0.29

0.29

0.3

Tensile ultimate strength (Mpa)

460

586

570

Tensile yield strength (Mpa)

250

207

260

Specific heat (J/(kgยทk))

480

500

419

Isotropic thermal conductivity (w/m-k)

47.6

16.2

13.6

3. ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„

3.1 ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ ๊ณผ์ •

Fig. 3 ์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” CFD ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ Ansys ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์˜ค์ผ๋Ÿฌ-๋ผ๊ทธ๋ž‘์ฃผ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹, k-ฮต๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Eqs. (1)&(2) ), (Ariyaratne et al., 2019; Peng and Cao, 2016). ์ด๋•Œ, ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญ์ฒญ, CO2, ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ๋“ฑ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ž…์ž์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด DPM(Discrete Phase Model)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Pereira et al., 2010). ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์••๋ ฅ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์••๋ ฅ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ์ •์  ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ, ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ์—ดํ•ด์„์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ดํ•ด์„์€ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ 1๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •์  ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Eqs. (3)&(4) ), (LV, 2014). ์ดํ›„ Eq. (5)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์— ์ˆ˜ํ‰ํ•˜์ค‘ Pp(133.54 N)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์  ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Balan and Kaliveeran, 2023). ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ri๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  p๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ขŒ๊ตด ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

(1)

$\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho k)+\dfrac{\partial}{\partial_{xi}}(pku_{i})=$

$=\dfrac{\partial}{\partial_{xj}}[(\mu +\dfrac{\mu_{t}}{\sigma_{k}})\dfrac{\partial k}{2_{xj}}]+G_{k}+G_{b}-\rho_{\epsilon}-Y_{M}+S_{k}$

(2)

$\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho\varepsilon)+\dfrac{\partial}{\partial_{xi }}(p\varepsilon u_{i})=$

$=\dfrac{\partial}{\partial_{xj}}[(\mu +\dfrac{\mu_{t}}{\sigma_{\varepsilon}})\dfrac{\partial\varepsilon}{2_{xj}}]+C_{1\varepsilon}\dfrac{\varepsilon}{K}(G_{k}+C_{3\varepsilon}G_{b})-C_{2\varepsilon}\rho\dfrac{\varepsilon^{2}}{k}+S_{\varepsilon}$

(3)
$\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x}(K_{xx}\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial x})+\dfrac{\partial}{\partial y}(K_{yy}\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial y})+\dfrac{\partial}{\partial z}(K_{zz}\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial z})+\ddot{q}=0$
(4)
$[K]\{T\}=\{Q\}$
(5)
$P_{P}=\pi r_{i}^{2}p$
Fig. 3. Non-traditional Oil Pipeline Finite Element Analysis Process
../../Resources/KSCE/Ksce.2024.44.3.0271/fig3.png

3.2 ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

CFDํ•ด์„, ์—ดํ•ด์„, ์ •์  ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fig. 4, Fig. 5). Fig. 4(a)์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต๊ตฐ์ธ GC์™€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์€ AC2๋กœ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์€ SC1์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ดํ”„์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ์–‡์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ํ•˜์ค‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ๊ตด์ด๋‚˜ ํœจ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด GC์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊บผ์šด ํŒŒ์ดํ”„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ GC์™€ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ ์ ˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” GC์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ GC์™€ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ• ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” Inconel ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 4(b)๋Š” ๊ฐ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ขŒ๊ตด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ Eq. (6)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Eq. (2)์˜ MLC๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ Load factor๋Š” Ansys๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ํ•˜์ค‘ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. Axial load๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 133.54 N์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„์šฉ ๊ฐ•์žฌ์ธ AISI 304 Stainless Steel์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ MC1์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด GC์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ฆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋˜ SC1์€ ํ•˜์ค‘์šฉํ–ฅ๋„ GC๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊บผ์›Œ์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ SC2๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ์ผ€์ด์Šค ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ 82 kN์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋˜ AC1, AC2์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 4. FEM Results of Oil Pipeline: (a) Deformation Result, (b) Maximum Load Capacity Result
../../Resources/KSCE/Ksce.2024.44.3.0271/fig4.png
Fig. 5. Deformation Contour of Oil Pipeline
../../Resources/KSCE/Ksce.2024.44.3.0271/fig5.png
(6)
$MLC=Load\; factor\times Axial\; load$

4. ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์ขŒ๊ตด ์ตœ์ ํ™”

Fig. 6 ์€ ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ขŒ๊ตด ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์ค‘์ด ๋†’์€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค๋งŒ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒ ๋ฐ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•œ OC์ด๋‹ค(Table 1 ์ฐธ๊ณ ). ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” Inconel 617 Alloy๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” 14.02 mm, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” 25ยฐ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋น„์ „ํ†ต ์˜ค์ผ์ด ์šด์†ก๋˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— GC์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ธธ๋ฆฌ 1474 mm์˜ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•ž์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ด OC ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 7 ์€ OC์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ GC์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์€ 1 mm๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ ์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๋„์— ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‘” AC2์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 88.4 kN์œผ๋กœ 68.4 kN์˜ GC๋ณด๋‹ค 20 kN์ด๋‚˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ SC2์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 82 kN์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ OC์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์šฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 6. Modeling of OC
../../Resources/KSCE/Ksce.2024.44.3.0271/fig6.png
Fig. 7. FEM Results of Optimized Oil Pipeline
../../Resources/KSCE/Ksce.2024.44.3.0271/fig7.png

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๊ณ ์˜จ, ๊ณ ์••์˜ ๋น„์ „ํ†ต์˜ค์ผ์ด ์šด์†ก๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฒœ ์˜ค์ผํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์— ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐ€๋™ ์ค‘์ธ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์„ Ansys ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋‚ด์— ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ๋‘๊ป˜, ๊ฐ๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ Case๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์€ CFD, ์—ดํ•ด์„, ์ •์  ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ํŒ๋ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ดํ”„์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋กœ ํŒ๋ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ป˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ๊ณ  ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋งŒ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ OC๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. OC์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ GC์™€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ค‘ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ•˜์ค‘์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์•ฝ 30 % ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์˜จ, ๊ณ ์•• ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ค์ผ ํ™”์žฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ €๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†ก์œ ๊ด€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค์ผํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ €๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) grant funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Grant RS-2022-00143541).

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