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  1. ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ† ๋ชฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ • (Yonsei University)
  2. ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ† ๋ชฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • (Yonsei University)
  3. ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ† ๋ชฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› (Yonsei University)
  4. ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ† ๋ชฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜ (Yonsei University)


์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰, GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฒ•, FLUXNET2015
Evapotranspiration, GG Method, Complementary relationship, FLUXNET2015

  • 1. ์„œ ๋ก 

  • 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

  •   2.1 ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ

  •   2.2 ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

  •   2.2.1 ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ •

  •   2.2.2 GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

  •   2.3 ๋‹ด๊ธˆ์งˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(Simulated Annealing, SA)

  • 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

  •   3.1 GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„

  •   3.2 ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„

  • 4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

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1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ˆ˜์ž์› ๋ถ€์กด๋Ÿ‰ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์ง€ ๋ถ„์„, ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฌผ ์ˆœํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Badawy, 2009). ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ธก์ •์€ ๋ฌผ ์ˆœํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฌผ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ •์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค(Kondoh and Nishiyama, 2000). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค.

์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋™๋ ฅํ•ญ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ Penman์‹, Penman-Monteith์‹ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(Penman, 1948; Allen et al., 1998). Penman-Montieth ์‹์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํƒœ์–‘๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด, ํ’์†, ์˜จ๋„, ์Šต๋„ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์‹์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, Hargreaves ๊ณต์‹, ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„(Complementary relationship)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(Priestley and Taylor, 1973; Hargreaves and Samani, 1982; Morton, 1983; Granger, 1991).

Hargreaves ๊ณต์‹์€ ์˜จ๋„๋งŒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค(Hargreaves and Samani, 1982). ์˜จ๋„์™€ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์—ด์€ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”์ธ์ž๋กœ, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ง€ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ›„์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋ชจ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. Lee and Park (2008)์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Hargreaves ๊ณต์‹์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๊ด€์ธก ์ง€์ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, Bouchet (1963)์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์Šต์œค์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 2๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์ž ์žฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œํ•œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. Advection-Aridity (AA)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(Priestley and Taylor, 1973), Complementary Relationship Areal Evapo-transpiration (CRAE)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(Morton, 1983), Granger and Gary (GG)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(Granger and Gray, 1989)๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. Liu et al. (2006)์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ™ฉํ•˜ ์œ ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์ง€๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ AA๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, CRAE๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ Kim and Lee (2014)๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ณตํ•˜์ฒœ ์ค‘์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ AA๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ CRAE๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fluxnet์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋””๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ฒ•(Eddy covariance method)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” Fluxํƒ€์›Œ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ณต์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ˆ˜์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ, ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์— Anayah and Kaluarachchi (2014)๋Š” ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” 34๊ฐœ์˜ Fluxnet ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ CRAE๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, AA๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋น„๊ต ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์—์„œ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. Fluxnet์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„ 10๊ฐœ Fluxํƒ€์›Œ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fluxnet ์ง€์ ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ธˆ์งˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(Simulated Annealing, SA)์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

2.1 ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Fig. 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 10๊ฐœ ์ง€์ ์˜ Fluxnet ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fluxnet์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” fluxํƒ€์›Œ์—์„œ ์—๋””๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Fluxnet์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” gap-filling ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์—์„œ FLUXNET2015 ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค(fluxnet.fluxdata.org). Table 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ 7๊ฐœ ์ง€์ (CN-Cha, CN-Cng, CN-Dan, CN-Din, CN-Ha2, CN-Ham, CN-Qia), ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ 2๊ฐœ ์ง€์ (JP-Mbf, JP-Smf), ๋ง๋ ˆ์‹œ์•„์˜ 1๊ฐœ ์ง€์ (MY-Pso)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ 1๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ์† ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ์งง๊ฒŒ๋Š” 1๋…„ 6๊ฐœ์›”, ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ๋Š” 7๋…„์˜ ์›” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 100 km ์ด๋‚ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ, 100 km ์ด์ƒ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ ์ค‘ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ 7๊ฐœ ์ง€์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„์˜ 3๊ฐœ ์ง€์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์ง€์ ์˜ ํ† ์ง€ํ”ผ๋ณต ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ดˆ์ง€, ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜, ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋””๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„, ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰ ํฌ์ฐจ ๋“ฑ ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ Fig. 2์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด๋Œ€๊ธฐํ›„์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ธ MY-Pso์—์„œ ์›” ํ‰๊ท  ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€(์ˆœ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰-์ง€์ค‘์—ด์ „๋„๋Ÿ‰)๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์ ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€๋™ํญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.

Fig. 1.

Study Area:โ–  and โ–ฒ Represent the Fluxnet Sites Over Asia in the Land and Coastal Areas, Respectively

Figure_KSCE_37_02_04_F1.jpg
Table 1. Description of Study Area Table_KSCE_37_02_04_T1.jpg
Fig. 2.

Box Plot of Monthly Temperature, Radiation and Vapor Pressure Deficit in Study Area

Figure_KSCE_37_02_04_F2.jpg

2.2 ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

2.2.1 ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ •

Fluxํƒ€์›Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—๋””๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ํƒ„์†Œ Flux๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค(Baldocchi et al., 1988; Aubinet et al., 2012). ์—๋””๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ํŽธํ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ํก์›๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์›์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ง Flux๋Š” PICF611.gif๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ PICF622.gif๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฐ€๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ, PICF642.gif๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ๊ณต๊ธฐํ’์†์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž ์—ด Flux๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ์™€ ์—ฐ์งํ’์†์˜ ๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PICF653.gif (1)

PICF663.gif (2)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ PICF674.gif๋Š” ์ž ์—ด Flux, PICF685.gif์€ ์ž ์žฌ์ฆ๊ธฐํ™”์—ด์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. PICF695.gif๋Š” ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž ์—ด Flux์—์„œ ์—ด์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(PICF6A6.gif)์™€ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„(PICF6C6.gif)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.2.2 GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

Bouchet (1963)๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฑด์กฐํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์šฉ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰(PICF6D7.gif)์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ์ž ์žฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰(PICF6F7.gif)์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์˜ ์–‘์€ 0์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ ํฌํ™”๋˜์–ด ์Šตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€, ์ž ์žฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋•Œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ž ์žฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์Šต์œค์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰(PICF708.gif)์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์Šต์œค์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 2๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์ž ์žฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œํ•œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ Eq. (3)์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค(Fig. 3).

PICF718.gif (3)

Fig. 3.

Complementary Relationship (Morton, 1983)

Figure_KSCE_37_02_04_F3.jpg

์œ„์˜ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์Šต์œค์กฐ๊ฑด ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ž ์žฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ CRAE๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, AA๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. Granger and Gray (1989)์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฒ•์˜ Eq. (3)์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ž˜ Eq. (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICF739.gif (4)

๋˜ํ•œ Relative drying power (D; Eq. (5)), Relative evaporation (G; Eq. (7))์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICF749.gif (5)

PICF75A.gif (6)

PICF78A.gif (7)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ PICF7AA.gif๋Š” Drying power of air (mm month-1), PICF7BB.gif๋Š” ์ˆœ๋ณต์‚ฌ(Net radiation) (mm month-1), PICF7CB.gif๋Š” ์ง€์ค‘ ์—ด์ „๋„๋Ÿ‰(Soil heat flux) (mm month-1), PICF7DC.gif๋Š” 1, U๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ 2 m ์ƒ๊ณต์˜ ํ’์† (ms-1), PICF7EC.gif๋Š” ํฌํ™”์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ์••(mmHg), PICF7FD.gif๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ์••(mmHg)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

Granger and Gray (1989)๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์„œ๋ถ€ semi-arid ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ Eq. (8)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด G์™€ D์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

PICF81D.gif (8)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ PICF89B.gif, PICF8EA.gif, PICF92A.gif์ด๋‹ค.

์•„๋ž˜ Eq. (9)์€ ์Šต์œค์กฐ๊ฑด ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” Penman์‹(1948)์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์™€ Eq. (7)์„ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฒ•(Eq. (4))์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด Eq. (10)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PICF93B.gif (9)

PICF95B.gif (10)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ PICF96B.gif๋Š” Rate of change of saturation vapor pressure์ด๋ฉฐ, ฮณ๋Š” ๊ฑด์Šต์ƒ์ˆ˜(Psychrometric constant)์ด๋‹ค. GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด PICF98C.gif, PICF9AC.gif๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ PICF9BD.gif๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ฉฐ Eq. (4)์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ PICF9DD.gif๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.3 ๋‹ด๊ธˆ์งˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(Simulated Annealing, SA)

SA๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๋‹ด๊ธˆ์งˆ(annealing) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ Optimi-zation์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ Kirkpatrick et al. (1983)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Fig. 4). ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๋‹ด๊ธˆ์งˆ์—์„œ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. SA ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ Fig. 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ๋‹ค. ์ž„์˜์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ•ด(initial solution)๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž„์˜์˜ ํ•ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ, ์ฆ‰ annealing temperature์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•ด์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜(objective function)๊ฐ’์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์—ด๊ท ํ˜• ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ(thermal equilibrium test)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ˆ˜๋ฝ ํ˜น์€ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํšŸ์ˆ˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ด๊ท ํ˜• ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ €์˜จ๋„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ SA ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. SA ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜(Generic algorithm, GA)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์กฐํ•ฉ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ตœ์ ๊ฐ’์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Jeon and Lee, 2005; Jeon et al., 2013).

Fig. 4.

Flowchart of Simulated Annealing (SA) Algorithm

Figure_KSCE_37_02_04_F4.jpg

์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์œ„ Eq. (8)์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(PICF9FD.gif)๋“ค์„ SA๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

3.1 GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ Fluxnet ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ถ€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ semi-arid ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  ์ด์— ์ด์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ด€์ธก๊ฐ’๊ณผ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•œ ํ‰๊ท  ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰, ์‚ฐ์ •๊ฐ’ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ RMSE, R2, |BIAS|๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์ ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 5์— ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์ธ 7๊ฐœ ์ง€์ ์˜ ์›”๋ณ„ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋„์‹ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ง„ํญ์ด GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ด€์ธก๊ฐ’์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ  ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ณผ์†Œ ์‚ฐ์ •์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋˜ํ•œ CN-Dan, CN-Ham, CN-Ha2 ์ง€์  ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด(Table 2) ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” CN-Ha2, CN-Ham, MY-Pso์—์„œ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์†Œ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Table 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  RMSE๋Š” 5.994 (mm/month), ํ‰๊ท  R2๋Š” 0.930, ํ‰๊ท  |BIAS|๋Š” 4.066 (mm/month)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

Fig. 5.

Observed and GG-based Evapotranspiration in the Land Area

Figure_KSCE_37_02_04_F5.jpg
Table 2. Result of Observed and GG-based Mean Evapotranspiration (mm/month) Table_KSCE_37_02_04_T2.jpg
Table 3. Statistical Comparison of Observed and GG-based Evapotranspiration in the Land Area Table_KSCE_37_02_04_T3.jpg

Fig. 6์€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์ธ 3๊ฐœ ์ง€์ ์˜ ์›”๋ณ„ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ, MY-Pso ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ Flux ๊ด€์ธก ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ JP-Smf ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณผ์†Œ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ‰๊ท  RMSE๋Š” 8.427 (mm/month), ํ‰๊ท  R2๋Š” 0.772, ํ‰๊ท  |BIAS|๋Š” 5.907 (mm/month)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(Table 4). ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด RMSE์™€ |BIAS|๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ณ  R2๋Š” ์ž‘์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ •์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

Fig. 6.

The Same as Fig. 5, But for the Asiaflux Sites in the Coastal Area

Figure_KSCE_37_02_04_F6.jpg
Table 4. The Same as Table 2, But for the Coastal Area Table_KSCE_37_02_04_T4.jpg

3.2 ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„

JP-Mbf, JP-Smf, MY-Pso ์ง€์ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์•ž์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ SA ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. Eq. (11)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Eq. (8)์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(C1, C2, C3)๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Table 5์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด SA ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ C1์€ 1.0576, C2๋Š” 0.0013, C3๋Š” 11.5887์ด๋‹ค.

PICFA1D.gif (11)

ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fig. 6 and Table 2). ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์˜๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณผ์†Œ ํ˜น์€ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ํŽธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Table 4์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด RMSE๋Š” 6.699 (mm/month), R2๋Š” 0.804, |BIAS|๋Š” 3.641 (mm/month)๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, MY-Pso์—์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•ด(2005๋…„, 2009๋…„ ๋“ฑ) ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๊ณผ๋Œ€๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ธ์ž๋งŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์‹์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋™๋ ฅํ•ญ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ Penman-Monteith์‹ ๋“ฑ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Table 5. Parameters for GG Method Table_KSCE_37_02_04_T5.jpg

4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Fluxํƒ€์›Œ์—์„œ ์—๋””๊ณต๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์–ด์ง„ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์•„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ฒซ์งธ, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋‘˜์งธ, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ Fluxnet์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์˜จ๋„, ์Šต๋„, ์ˆœ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›”๋ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ‰๊ท  R2๊ฐ€ 0.930์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ ์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ณผ์†Œ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‰๊ท  R2๋Š” 0.722๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ด€์ธก๊ฐ’๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ SA ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด R2๊ฐ€ 0.804๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์„œ๋ถ€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ semi-arid ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์— GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” GG๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(์ฆ‰, AA๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, CRAE๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•)๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ„ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์‹๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋™๋ ฅํ•ญ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ Penman- Monteith์‹ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ์‹œ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ •์ฑ…์ง€์›๊ฐ•ํ™”(KMIPA 2015-6180) ๋ฐ 2016ํ•™๋…„๋„ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์„ ๋„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์—…(2016-22-0061)์˜ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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