Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

  1. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ˆ˜์ž์›์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค, ์ˆ˜์„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› (Korea Institute of Civil engineering and building Technology)
  2. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ˆ˜์ž์›์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค, ์„ ์ž„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›Œ์› (Korea Institute of Civil engineering and building Technology)
  3. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ˆ˜์ž์›์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค, ์ˆ˜์„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› (Korea Institute of Civil engineering and building Technology)


SWAT, ์ผ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰, ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰, ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„
SWAT, Daily peak discharge, Excessive infiltration, Time of concentration

  • 1. ์„œ ๋ก 

  • 2. SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

  •   2.1 ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

  •   2.2 ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

  •   2.3 ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์˜ ์ง€์ฒด

  • 3. SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ 

  •   3.1 ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

  •   3.2 ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

  • 4. ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ

  •   4.1 ๋Œ€์ƒ ์œ ์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์ถ•

  •   4.2 ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ

  • 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋†๋ฌด์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ SWAT (Arnold et al., 1998; Neitsch et al., 2005)์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ, ํ† ์–‘, ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•์šฐ, ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ, ์นจํˆฌ, ์œ ์ถœ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์ˆœํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •, ์œ ์—ญ ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋„๋‚ด ์œ ์‚ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋™, ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์ด์†ก ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋ฉธ ๊ณผ์ • ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์ƒ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์œ ์—ญ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ ์šด์˜, ํ•˜์ฒœ์ˆ˜ ์ทจ์ˆ˜, ํ•˜ํ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ˜ ๋“ฑ ๋ฌผ ์ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ธ์œ„์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ค€๋ถ„ํฌํ˜•(semidistributed), ์—ฐ์†ํ˜•(continuous) ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์œ ์ถœํ•ด์„์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ, ์ˆ˜์งˆ ๋ชจ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๋™๋˜์–ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ƒ์žฅ, ์ˆ˜ํ™• ๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ž์›, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

SWAT์€ CREAMS (Knisel, 1980), GLEAMS (Leonard et al., 1987), EPIC (Izaurralde et al., 2006) ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ SWRRB (Arnold and Williams, 1990) ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜๋„์ถ”์  ๋ชจํ˜• ROTO (Arnold, 1995)๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์†Œ์œ ์—ญ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋ฐ ์ƒํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ์ถœ์‹œ๋œ ์ดํ›„์— ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฃจํ‹ด ๊ฐœ์„ , GIS ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ , Landscape ๋ถ€๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”๊ฐ€, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ SWIM (Krysanova et al., 2000), SWAT- MODFLOW(Kim et al., 2008), SWAT-SWMM(Kim et al., 2011)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ธก๋ฉด ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋ ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ฐ’ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ์œ ์—ญ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€๋ณด์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์œ ์—ญ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒ€๋ณด์ • ๊ณผ์ •๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌผ๊ท ํ˜•(water balance)์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์˜๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์˜๋  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด ๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์‹œ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋น„์ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ Kim et al.(2005), Kuntiyawichai et al.(2011)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด SWAT ๋ชจ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ™์ˆ˜๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

Eckhardt et al.(2002), Van Liew and Garbrechet(2003), Bosch et al.(2004), Fohrer et al.(2005), Govender and Everson(2005), Borah et al.(2007), Kim and Lee(2008), Xie and Cui(2011) ๋“ฑ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€(peak discharge)๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ Borah et al.(2007)์€ ํฐ ํ˜ธ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์†Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , Bosch et al.(2004)์€ ์œ ์—ญ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ๊ณผ์†Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ Eckhardt et al.(2002)์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ ํ† ์–‘๋Œ€๋‚ด ์—ฐ์ง์ด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ถ€ํ† ์–‘์ธต์˜ ํฌํ™”์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ์นจ๋ฃจ๋Ÿ‰ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Van Liew and Garbrechet(2003)์™€ Kim and Lee(2008)๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ๊ณผ์†Œ ์‚ฐ์ •์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ๋ชจ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ธˆ์ผ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ „๋‚  ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜(runoff curve number, CN)๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Kim and Lee(2008)๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Kannan et al.(2007)์€ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ๊ณผ์†Œ ๋ชจ์˜๋ผ๋Š” SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์•ฝ์ ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ๋ชจ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” Kim and Lee (2008)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Kim and Lee (2008)๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ‰๊ท ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ๊ณผ์†Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์€ ์œ ์ถœ์‚ฌ์ƒ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ•์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ถœ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ™์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ํฐ ์œ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ํฐ ๊ฐ•์šฐ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํ™์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ•์šฐ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘”๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๊ณผ ์นจ๋ฃจ์˜ ์ด๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ฃผ๋Œ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์œ ์—ญ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ๋ชจ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„, ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜

2.1 ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ์˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋‹จ, ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ๋ฐ ์นจํˆฌ, ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„์œ ์ถœ ๋ฐ ์นจ๋ฃจ, ํ•จ์–‘, ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜์œ ์ถœ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์‹์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ตœ๋Œ€์—ฝ๋ฉด์ ์ง€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹น์ผ ์—ฝ๋ฉด์ ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ •์‹œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์†์‹ค์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฉด์— ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ • NRCS ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„  ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฒ• ๋˜๋Š” Green-Ampt ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž ์žฌ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ Penman-Montieth, Priestley-Taylor, Hargreaves ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํ† ์–‘์ธต์—์„œ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํฌํ™”์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์ „๋„๋„, ๊ณต๊ทน๋ฅ , ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์šฉํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ† ์–‘์ธต์—์„œ ์—ฐ์งํ•˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์นจ๋ฃจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ† ์–‘์˜ ํฌํ™”์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์ „๋„๋„, ํฌ์žฅ์šฉ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰, ํฌํ™”์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰, ๊ฐ€์šฉํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ† ์–‘์ธต ์ตœํ•˜๋‹จ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋ฉด๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์นจ๋ฃจ-ํ•จ์–‘ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์„ ํ˜•์ €์ˆ˜์ง€ ์ถ”์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ฒด๋˜๊ณ , ํ•จ์–‘-์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜์œ ์ถœ ๊ณผ์ • ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜•์ €์ˆ˜์ง€ ์ถ”์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธˆ์ผ ํ•จ์–‘๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ž‘์ผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, ์ค‘๊ฐ„์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์œ ์—ญ์˜ ์ฃผํ•˜๋„๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋„์ถ”์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ•˜์ฒœ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

2.2 ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(surface flow)์€ NRCS ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ Green & Ampt ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, Eqs. (1) and (2)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PICBE04.gif (1)

PICBEC0.gif (2)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, PICBEE1.gif๋Š” ์ด๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰(mm), PICBEF1.gif๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(mm), PICBF31.gif(PICBF61.gif)๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ง€๋ฉด์ €๋ฅ˜, ์—ฝ๋ฉด์ฐจ๋‹จ, ์ฆ๋ฐœ, ์นจํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์†์‹ค๋Ÿ‰(mm), PICBF71.gif๋Š” PICBFB1.gif๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰(mm), PICBFD1.gif๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์ž ์žฌ๋ณด์œ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰(mm), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PICC030.gif๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์šฐ-์œ ์ถœ์‚ฌ์ƒ๋ชจํ˜•(event based rainfall-runoff model)์—์„œ PICC060.gif๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณผ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ์†ํ˜• ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๋ชจํ˜•(continous hydrological model)์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„, ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์œ ์ถœ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— PICC080.gif๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(surface flow)์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์œ ์ถœ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ•์šฐ์‚ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค์ผ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ PICC0A0.gif๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ํ† ์–‘์ธต์˜ ํฌ์žฅ์šฉ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰, ์œ„์กฐ์ , ํฌํ™”์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ† ์–‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ Eq. (3)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰ PICC0C0.gif์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ PICC0E1.gif๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

PICC17E.gif (3)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, PICC19E.gif๋Š” ์œ„์กฐ์ ์ผ ๋•Œ์˜ PICC1BE.gif๊ฐ’, PICC1EE.gif๋Š” ์œ„์กฐ์ ์—์„œ์˜ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰(WP)์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ „์ฒด ํ† ์–‘์ธต์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PICC20E.gif๊ณผ PICC26D.gif๋Š” PICC28D.gif๊ด€๊ณ„๊ณก์„  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์ƒ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค.

2.3 ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์˜ ์ง€์ฒด

SWAT์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์‘๋‹ต๋‹จ์œ„์ธ HRU (Hydrological Response Unit)๋ณ„๋กœ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉด, Eq. (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์—ญ๋‚ด ์ง€์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ผ์— ์ฃผํ•˜๋„๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

PICC35A.gif (4)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, PICC389.gif๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋‚ ์— ์ฃผ ํ•˜๋„๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(mm), PICC3B9.gif๋Š” Eq. (1)๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ HRU๋‚ด ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(mm), PICC3F9.gif๋Š” ์ „๋‚  ํ•˜๋„๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €๋ฅ˜๋œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(mm), PICC429.gif๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ์ง€์ฒด๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PICC459.gif๋Š” ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„(time of concentration)(hr)์ด๋‹ค. ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ Eq. (5)~(7)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์ง‘์‹œ๊ฐ„(overland flow time of concentration)๊ณผ ์œ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฐ„(channel flow time of concentration)์˜ ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

PICC4C7.gif (5)

PICC516.gif (6)

PICC5A4.gif (7)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, PICC622.gif๋Š” ์œ ์ง‘์‹œ๊ฐ„(hr), PICC642.gif(hr)์€ ์œ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฐ„, PICC662.gif๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์žฅ(m), PICC682.gif์€ Manning ์กฐ๋„๊ณ„์ˆ˜, PICC6A3.gif๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์—ญ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ(m/m), PICC6C3.gif์€ ํ•˜๋„๊ธธ์ด(km), PICC6E3.gif๋Š” ํ•˜๋„๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ(m/m), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PICC703.gif๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์—ญ ๋ฉด์ (km2)์ด๋ฉฐ HRU ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ์—๋Š” HRU ๋ฉด์ (km2)์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.

3. SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ 

3.1 ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” Fig. 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ PICC724.gif๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰ PICC744.gif๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ PICC764.gif์™€ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ PICC7C3.gif๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ•ด๋‹น์ผ์˜ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ถ€์กฑ๋ถ„(soil water deficit) PICC7E3.gif๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ฆ‰, ์™„์ „ํฌํ™”์‹œ ํ† ์–‘์ธต์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ์ „๋‚  ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ดˆ๊ณผ๋ถ„(์ดํ•˜ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰, excessive infiltration, PICC803.gif) ์ „๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๋„๋ก ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋„์‹œ์œ ์ถœํ•ด์„์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ƒํ˜•(event) ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์†ํ˜•(continuous) ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๋ชจ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) ๋ชจํ˜•(Huber and Dickinson, 1988; Rossman, 2004)์—์„œ๋Š” Fig. 1์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๋„๋ก ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, SWMM ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด SWAT์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ SWMM ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์—ฐ์ง ์ด๋™์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ์— ํ† ์–‘์ธต์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์ง ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์ด๋™์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋งŒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์–‘์ธต ํ•˜๋ถ€๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ์ง ์ด๋™์ด ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ ์ถœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์–‘์ด ์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ํฐ ํ˜ธ์šฐ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ํ˜ธ์šฐ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘”๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ† ์–‘์ธต๋‚ด ์นจ๋ฃจ์˜ ์œ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 2๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Figure_KSCE_36_3_08_F1.jpg

Fig. 1. Schematic Diagram for Treating Excessive Infiltration (SWAT and SWMM)

Figure_KSCE_36_3_08_F2.jpg

Fig. 2. Schematic Diagram for Treating Excessive Infiltration (modified SWAT)

๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ† ์–‘์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ณด์ˆ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์นจ๋ฃจ์˜ ์œ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ Eqs. (5) and (9)๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ˜๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ Eq. (8)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICC833.gif (8a)

PICC882.gif (8b)

PICC8E1.gif (8c)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, PICC901.gif๋Š” ์กฐ์ • ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, PICC922.gif๋Š” ์กฐ์ • ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰, PICC942.gif๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„๊ณ„์ˆ˜, PICC972.gif๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PICC992.gif๋Š” ํ† ์–‘์ธต๋‚ด ์นจ๋ฃจ ์œ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ Eq. (9)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ ํ† ์–‘์ธต๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ์žฅ์šฉ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ํ† ์–‘์ธต์—์„œ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ํ† ์–‘์ธต์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์ด๋™์„ ์นจ๋ฃจ(percolation)๋ผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ €๋ฅ˜์ถ”์ ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์–‘์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นจ๋ฃจ ์œ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ ํ† ์–‘์ธต๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

PICC9D2.gif (9)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, PICCA30.gif๋Š” ์นจ๋ฃจ ์œ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฐ„(travel time for percolation) (hrs), PICCA51.gif๋Š” ์™„์ „ํฌํ™”์‹œ ํ† ์–‘์ธต๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰(mm), PICCA71.gif๋Š” ํฌ์žฅ์šฉ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰(mm), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PICCAA1.gif๋Š” ํ† ์–‘์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌํ™” ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์ „๋„๋„(mm/h)์ด๋‹ค.

์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด 50mm, ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด 50mm์ด๊ณ , ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋Œ€์˜ ํฌํ™”์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 50mm, ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด 30mm์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ† ์–‘์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ณด์ˆ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ 20mm(50mm-30 mm)์„ ๋„˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ 30mm๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ ์ถœ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์นจ๋ฃจ ์œ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„, 4์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์—ญ๋น„๋ก€ํ•ด์„œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ 30mm์˜ 2/3๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ 50mm์— ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , 1/3์€ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ 20mm์— ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์€ 70mm, ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ 30mm๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

3.2 ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ ์ถœ์˜ ์ง€์ฒด๋Š” Eq. (4)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ Eqs. (6) and (7)์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, Henderson๊ณผ Wooding(1964)์˜ ์šด๋™ํŒŒ(kinematic wave) ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์‹(Eq. (8))๊ณผ Manning ๊ณต์‹์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ Woolhiser and Liggett (1967)์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์‹(Eq. (10))๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PICCAE0.gif (8)

PICCB00.gif (9)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, PICCB30.gif๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„(overland flow time of concentration) (min), PICCB51.gif์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์žฅ(overland flow length), PICCB71.gif๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณผ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ•์šฐ๊ฐ•๋„(net rainfall intensity)(mm/hr), PICCB91.gif์™€ PICCBC1.gif๋Š” ํ‰ํŒ(plane)์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ํญ๋‹น ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ PICCC20.gif์™€ ์œ ์ถœ์‹ฌ PICCC5F.gif์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” Eq. (9)์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ด‘ํญ์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด Manning ๊ณต์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด Eq. (9)์—์„œ PICCC9F.gif, PICCD0D.gif๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ Eq. (8)์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด, Eq. (10)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด Woolhiser and Liggett (1967)์˜ ์šด๋™ํŒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PICCD3D.gif (10)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, PICCD5D.gif์€ Manning์˜ ์กฐ๋„๊ณ„์ˆ˜, PICCD7D.gif๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ(overland flow slope)์ด๋‹ค. Eq. (10)์—์„œ PICCD9E.gif๋Š” SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฉด์ ๋‹น ํ‰๊ท ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(average overland flow rate)์ด๋ผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 6.35mm/hr๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ’์„ Eq. (10)์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„ ๋‹จ์œ„ PICCDBE.gif๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด, Eq. (6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋„๋‹จ๋ฉด์ด ํ•˜์ฒœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅํญ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€ 2:1, ์ธก๋ฉด๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 1:2์ธ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ผด ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๊ณ , ํ‰๊ท  ํ•˜๋„์œ ์ถœ๋ฅ (average channel flow rate)์„ ํ‰๊ท  ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋ฅ ์— ์†Œ์œ ์—ญ ๋ฉด์ ์˜โ€“0.5์Šน์„ ๊ณฑํ•œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์— Eq. (10)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, SWAT์˜ ์œ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •๊ณต์‹ Eq. (7)์ด ์œ ๋„๋œ๋‹ค.

์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด SWAT์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •์€ ์šด๋™ํŒŒ ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณผ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ 6.35mm/hr๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณ ์ •๊ฐ’ 6.35mm/hr๋Š” ํฐ ํ˜ธ์šฐ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณผ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด Eq. (4)์˜ ์šฐ๋ณ€์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ด„ํ˜ธ ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž‘์•„์ ธ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ผ์— ํ•˜๋„๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, Yen and Chow (1983)์€ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ 80.0mm/hr๋กœ ํฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด๋™ํŒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ Eq. (10)์„ ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, SWAT์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ชจํ˜•์ธ SWIM ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณผ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ ์ •๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ•์šฐ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” SWIM ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ ๊ณ ์ •๊ฐ’ 6.35mm/hr ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ผ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ•์šฐ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๊ฐ’์ด ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์šฐ ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ ์งœ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ผ ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐ•์šฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„์œจ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์„  ํ›„ SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์Šต์œคํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด SWAT ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„ํ™์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ˜ธ์šฐ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ์ดˆ๊ณผ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด 0์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Eq. (10)์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ชจ๊ฐ€ 0์ด ๋˜์–ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ดˆ๊ณผ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์•„ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž PICCDDE.gif์˜ ํ•˜ํ•œ๊ฐ’์„ 0.1mm๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์Œํ•ด์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ˆ์ฐจ(iteration)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” 1) ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ, 2) ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ† ์–‘์ธต ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋ถ„๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ, 3) ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์นจ๋ฃจ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ์žฌ๊ณ„์‚ฐ, 4) ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ์žฌ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ฐ’์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์žฌ๊ณ„์‚ฐ, 5) ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ์˜ค์ฐจ ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ 3)๊ณผ 4) ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹จ์ถ•๋˜์–ด ํ•˜๋„๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ผ์— ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ปค์ ธ์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

4. ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ

4.1 ๋Œ€์ƒ ์œ ์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์ถ•

์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ SWAT๋ชจํ˜•(SWATEXINF_VTC)์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ Fig. 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถฉ์ฃผ๋Œ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์œ ์—ญ์„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์˜์›” ์™ธ 31๊ฐœ ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ด€์ธก์†Œ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ฃผ ์™ธ 7๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ด€์ธก์†Œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ‘œ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ(DEM)์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ž์›๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ •๋ณด์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” 30m ร—30m ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ DEM์„ SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ 100mร—100m๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ† ์ง€ํ”ผ๋ณต๋„๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ† ์ง€ํ”ผ๋ณต๋„, ํ† ์–‘๋„๋Š” ๋†์—…๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” 1:25,000 ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ† ์–‘๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œ ์—ญ ๋ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ Kim et al. (2007)์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Figure_KSCE_36_3_08_F3.jpg

Fig. 3. Study Area (Captured from Kim et al. (2007))

๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒ€๋ณด์ •์€ 1986๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ชจ์˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์ถœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์™€ ๋ชจ์˜์น˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ชจ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์— ์ž˜ ์ ํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒ€๋ณด์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด AMC-II์ผ ๋•Œ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ๊ณก์„ ์ง€์ˆ˜(CN2)๋ฅผ ๋””ํดํŠธ๊ฐ’์— ๋น„ํ•ด 20% ๋งŒํผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ํ† ์–‘๋ฌผ์„ฑ์น˜์ธ ํฌ์žฅ์šฉ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์œ„์กฐ์ ์—์„œ์˜ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ€์šฉํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰ AWC (available water capacity)๋ฅผ 1.2๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜๋ถ€ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์— ์ ํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ €์œ ์ถœ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ˆ˜(ALPHA_BF)๋ฅผ 0.01์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ† ์–‘๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์žฅ(SLSOIL)์„ 2๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ† ์–‘์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(ESCO)๋Š” 0.9๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋„์ถ”์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ CH_N (Manning's n)๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐํ•˜์ฒœ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ’ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ 0.030์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Fig. 4๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ SWAT์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•œ ์ถฉ์ฃผ๋Œ ์œ ์ž…์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฆฐ ์‹ค์„ ์€ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜, ์ง„ํ•œ ํ‘œ์‹ ์ ์„ ์€ ๋ชจ์˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ๋ชจ์˜์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์€ 163.4m3/s๋กœ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ๊ด€์ธก์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ 161.1m3/s๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ผ ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ธก๊ณผ ๋ชจ์˜์น˜๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณ„์ˆ˜ PICCE1E.gif์™€ Nash Sutcliffe ๋ชจํ˜• ํšจ์œจ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ NSE๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ 0.7์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€๋ณด์ •์ด ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 4(a)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์œ ์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ์˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, Figs. 4(b) and (c)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 2002๋…„, 2006๋…„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ 10,000m3/s๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ์˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Figure_KSCE_36_3_08_F4.jpg

Fig. 4. Comparison of the Observed Stream -flow and the Simulated Stream-flow using SWAT

4.2 ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ

๊ฐœ์„  ์ „, ํ›„์˜ SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์—ญ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์ถฉ์ฃผ๋Œ ์œ ์ž…๋Ÿ‰์„ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 1986๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ƒ์œ„ 82๊ฐœ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 5๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ๋„์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์€ ๊ฐœ์„  ํ›„ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์•ฝ 17%, ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 5%์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5.4%, 12.5%, 6.7%๋กœ ํ‰๊ท ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ƒํšŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Figure_KSCE_36_3_08_F5.jpg

Fig. 5. Variation of Daily Peaks Simulated by SWATEXINF Relative to Those by SWAT

Figure_KSCE_36_3_08_F6.jpg

Fig. 6. Differences of Daily Peaks Simulated by SWAT and SWATEXINF_VTC

Fig. 6๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ๋„์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ž‘์€ ์œ ์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์ถ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ์ง€์ฒด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, 3,000m3/s๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์ด ์Œ์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ง€์ฒด์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ์ถœ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์ถœ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ง€์ฒด์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ SWAT์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ฐ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์œ ์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ, ๋น„ํ™์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์œ ์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ฒด ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘”๊ฐํ•œ ์œ ์ถœ์‘๋‹ต์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด 5,000m3/s๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 10%๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ 1990๋…„, 2002๋…„, 2006๋…„ ์ƒ์œ„ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 9.9%, 18.6%, 12.6%๋กœ์„œ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 7์€ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์ง€์ฒด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ SWAT์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•œ ์ถฉ์ฃผ๋Œ ์œ ์ž…์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋„์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ•œ ํ‘œ์‹ ์ ์„ ์€ SWATEXINF_VTC ๋ชจ์˜์œ ๋Ÿ‰, ํ๋ฆฐ ์‹ค์„ ์€ ๊ด€์ธก์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. SWATEXINF_VTC ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(๊ด€์ธก: 161.1m3/s, ๋ชจ์˜: 162.6m3/s)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ด€์ธก๊ณผ ๋ชจ์˜์น˜๊ฐ„์˜ PICCE9C.gif์™€ NSE๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ 0.7์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์— ์ž˜ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Figs. 7(b) and (c)์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ Fig. 4์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ด€์ธก ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 2002๋…„, 2006๋…„ ํฐ ํ™์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ SWAT ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ 19%, 13%์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ง€์ฒด ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ 2,000m3/s๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „, ํ›„์˜ SWAT ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ Fig. 8์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์™€ ๋ชจ์˜์น˜๊ฐ„์˜ PICCEBC.gif๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ 0.836์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์„  ํ›„ 0.861๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , NSE ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ 0.748์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์„  ํ›„ 0.834๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœํ•ด์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure_KSCE_36_3_08_F7.jpg

Fig. 7. Comparison of the Simulated Streamflows using SWAT and SWATEXINF_VTC

Figure_KSCE_36_3_08_F8.jpg

Fig. 8. Comparison of the Simulated and Observed Daily Peaks

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์—ญ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๋ชจํ˜• SWAT์„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์œ ์—ญ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ SWAT์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ† ์–‘์ธต์˜ ๋ณด์œ ๋Šฅ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ทธ ์ดˆ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ† ์–‘์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ์ง ์ด๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์—ญ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰์— ์žฌํ• ๋‹น๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์˜ ์œ ์—ญ๋‚ด ์ง€์ฒดํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฌ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋Š” ํ† ์–‘์ธต์ด ์Šต์œคํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ›„์ž๋Š” ํฐ ํ˜ธ์šฐ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์˜ ์ง€์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํ™์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์œ ์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘”๊ฐํ•œ ์œ ์ถœ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ถฉ์ฃผ๋Œ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์œ ์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „, ํ›„์˜ SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ถœ๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ SWAT์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒ€๋ณด์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์™€ ๋ชจ์˜์น˜๊ฐ„์— ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ผ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„  ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 2002๋…„, 2006๋…„ ์œ ์ถœ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํฐ ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ํ•ด์—๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณผ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ ๊ฐœ์„  SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ฃผ๋Œ ์ง€์ ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ SWAT ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 5,000m3/s ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 10%๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํฐ ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋˜ 1990๋…„, 2002๋…„, 2006๋…„ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 9.9%, 18.6%, 12.6%๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์–ด ์ฒจ๋‘๋ถ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— 3,000m3/s ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ SWAT์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์–ด ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2,000m3/s๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „, ํ›„์˜ ๋ชจ์˜์น˜์™€ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ PICCEFB.gif์™€ NSE๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ „ 0.836, 0.748์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์„  ํ›„ 0.861, 0.834๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœํ•ด์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์นจํˆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ™์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์œ ์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์ถœ์‘๋‹ต์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ํ•˜์ƒ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์œ ์—ญ์— SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋†’์€ ์œ ์ถœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ† ์–‘์ธต์ด ์–‡์•„ ํ† ์–‘์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋Šฅ์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ถœ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ง€์œ ์—ญ์— ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ SWAT ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญํ† ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์ง€์›(11๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ C06)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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