Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

  1. ๊ตฐ์‚ฐ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ† ๋ชฉ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜ (Kunsan National University)
  2. ๊ตฐ์‚ฐ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ† ๋ชฉ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ (Kunsan National University)
  3. ๊ตฐ์‚ฐ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ† ๋ชฉ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ (Kunsan National University)


์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฐจ์ˆ˜๋ฒฝํ˜• ์„๊ดด๋Œ, ๋กํ•„, ๋Œ, ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ, ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰
CFRD, Rockfill, Dam, Concrete face slab, Leakage

  • 1. ์„œ ๋ก 

  • 2. A์™€ B CFRD ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ

  • 3. ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ถ„์„

  •   3.1 ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ 

  •   3.2 ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„

  •   3.3 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„

  • 4. ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰

  • 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ฐจ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋Œ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋กํ•„๋Œ์„ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฐจ์ˆ˜๋ฒฝํ˜• ์„๊ดด๋Œ(concrete faced rockfill dam, CFRD)์ด๋ผ ์นญํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์งง๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ CFRD๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ œ์ฒด ์ค‘์•™์— ์ ํ†  ์ฝ”์•„๋กœ ์ฐจ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋กํ•„๋Œ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฝ”์•„ํ˜• ๋กํ•„๋Œ(earth core rockfill dam, ECRD) ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ๋Œ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.

CFRD๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ๋Œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋กํ•„(์„๊ดด ๋˜๋Š” ์•”์„)๋กœ ์ œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ด ์ž‘๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ณต ์ค‘ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜

์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ฒด์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚ด์ง„์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ด์  ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Hacelas et al., 1987; Khalid et al., 1990; Massiรฉra and Hammamji, 2007; Materรณn et al., 2008; Sherard and Cooke, 1987; Uddin and Gazetas, 1995; Xing et al., 2006). 1987๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋†’์ด 50m์ด์ƒ์˜ CFRD๊ฐ€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ 390๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Materรณn et al., 2008). ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 1985๋…„๋„์— ๋™๋ณต CFRD๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ค€๊ณต ๋œ ํ›„, 17๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ 2000๋…„ ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ์ค€๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Table 1์€ 1971๋…„ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 110m์ธ Cethana๋Œ์ด ์ค€๊ณต๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋†’์ด์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ CFRD์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Materรณn, 2007). ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ CFRD์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ Shuibuya๋กœ ๋†’์ด๋Š” 233m์ด๋‹ค.

Cooke and Sherard (1987)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋‘ ํŽธ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ(Concrete face rockfill dams โ… . Assessment and concrete face rockfill dam: โ…ก. Design)์€ CFRD์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์‹œ๊ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ง€์นจ์„œ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ํŽธ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ํ›„ CFRD๋Š” ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ณต์˜ ์ง€์นจ์„œ๋กœ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Table 1. Height Variation of CFRDs by Country (Materรณn, 2007)

Dam Name

Height (m)

Country

Face Slab Area (m2)

Year of Completion

Remarks Highest Period

Cethana

110

Australia

30,000

1971

1971-1974

Alto Anchicaya

140

Colombia

22,000

1974

1974-1980

Mohale

145

Lesotho

87,000

2002

Highest in Africa

Salvajina

148

Colombia

57,500

1983

Highest in gravels

Xingรณ

150

Brazil

13,500

1994

Messochora

150

Greece

51,000

1995

Highest in Europe

Porce โ…ข

155

Colombia

57,000

2010

Foz do Areia

160

Brazil

139,000

1980

1980-1993

Tankeng

161

China

68,000

2006

Tiang Shen Qiao

178

China

180,000

1999

Hongjiadu

182

China

76,000

2007

Barra Crande

185

Brazil

108,000

2006

Mazar

185

Ecuador

45,000

2008

Sanbanxi

186

China

94,000

2008

Aguamilpa

187

Mexico

137,000

1993

1993-2006

EI Cajรณn

189

Mexico

99,000

2006

Kรกrahnjรบkar

196

Iceland

93,000

2007

Campos Novos

202

Brazil

106,000

2006

2006 Highest

Bakun

205

Malaysia

127,000

2007

La Yesca

210

Mexico

129,000

2010

Shuibuya

233

China

120,000

2009

2009-Present

Fitzpatrick et al. (1985)์€ Eqs. (1) and (2)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์‹œ๊ณต ์ค‘ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PIC1739.gif (1)

PIC1778.gif (2)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ,  PIC17A8.gif  : ์‹œ๊ณต ์ค‘ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณ„์ˆ˜(MPa),

     PIC17B9.gif : ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณ„์ˆ˜(MPa),

     PIC17BA.gif  : ๋กํ•„์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„์ค‘๋Ÿ‰(kN/m3),

     H : ์นจํ•˜๋Œ€์ƒ ์ธต์œ„์˜ ์„ฑํ† ๊ณ (m),

     PIC17CA.gif : ์นจํ•˜๋Œ€์ƒ ์ธต์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜(m),

     PIC17CB.gif : ์นจํ•˜๋Œ€์ƒ์ธต์—์„œ ์นจํ•˜๋Ÿ‰(mm),

     PIC17DC.gif : ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„์ค‘๋Ÿ‰(kN/m3),

     h  : ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž„์˜์˜ ๊นŠ์ด(m)

     PIC17DD.gif : ์ž„์˜์˜ ๊นŠ์ด h์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์•”๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ•์„  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(m)

     PIC17ED.gif : ์ž„์˜์˜ ๊นŠ์ด h์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ(mm)

๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณ„์ˆ˜(PIC17EE.gif)๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์˜ˆ์ธก์—๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค(Fitzpatrick et al., 1985). Hunter์™€ Fell (2003)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณ„์ˆ˜(PIC17FF.gif)๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณต ์ค‘ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณ„์ˆ˜ (PIC1800.gif)๋ณด๋‹ค 1~3๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ณ , ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 2.5๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Eq. (1)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ณต ์ค‘ ์ œ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์นจํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์นจํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ œ์ฒด ๋†’์ด์˜ ์ค‘์•™์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Hunter and Fell (2003)์€ 35๊ฐœ์˜ CFRD ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋กํ•„์˜ ์ž…๋„๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ง๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์•”์˜ ์ผ์ถ•์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„, ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ง์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๊ณกํ˜•ํƒœ(Valley shape) ํšจ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ณต ์ค‘๊ณผ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Eqs. (1) and (2)๋Š” ์ œ์ฒด ์ค‘์•™์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Clements (1984), Sherard and Cooke (1987), Hunter and Fell (2003), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Hunter et al. (2003)์€ ๋Œ ๋†’์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ถ€ ์นจํ•˜๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค€๊ณต ํ›„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋Œ ์ •๋ถ€ ์นจํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค(Amaya and Marulanda, 1985; Arrau et al., 1985; Hunter, 2003; Leps et al., 1985; Millet et al., 1985; Sherard and Cooke, 1987)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด CFRD์˜ ์ œ์ฒด์™€ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ท ์—ด, ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€์™€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ์ฒด ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2003๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2006๋…„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Œ(Barra Grande (185m- Brazil), Campos Novos (202m-Brazil), Mohale (145m-Lesotho), Tianshenqiao 1 (178m-China))์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋Š” CFRD ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 1000l/sec์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋Œ ์ œ์ฒด๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ณต๊ตฌ ํ›„ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰๋„ ์•ˆ์ •๋˜์–ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋™ ์ค‘ ์ด๋‹ค(Materรณn et al., 2008). ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ ์ด๋“ค CFRD ๋Œ€๋Œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„์ธก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋‚ ๋กœ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. CFRD์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ตญํ•œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ CFRDs์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ CFRD์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. A์™€ B CFRD ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ

์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ถ„์„์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ CFRD๋Š” ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 90m์™€ 62m์ธ ๋Œ€๋Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š” ์ œ์›์€ Table 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. A์™€ B CFRD ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ ์ฃผ ์•”๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋…น์ƒ‰์‚ฌ์•”๊ณผ ํ™”๊ฐ•์•”์ด๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋กํ•„ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ผ์ถ•์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 163MPa๊ณผ 107MPa์ด๋‹ค.

Table 2. Main Statistics for A and B CFRDs

Description

Values

A

CFRD

Dam height

90.0m

Crest length

400.0m

Upstream and downstream slopes

1V : 1.4H

Highest water level

E.L. 593.0m

Normal water level

E.L. 576.3m

Lowest water level

E.L. 546.5m

B

CFRD

Dam height

62.0m

Crest length

300.0m

Upstream and downstream slopes

1V : 1.4H

Highest water level

E.L. 264.0m

Normal water level

E.L. 257.0m

Lowest water level

E.L. 247.9m

Table 3. Placement and Compaction Characteristics of Embankment Zones

Zone

Layer thickness

(mm)

Compaction

Type of roller

No. of passes

Water addition

1A

300

Sheepfoot roller (19ton)

6

-

1B

300

Sheepfoot roller (19ton)

6

-

2A

500

Vibratory roller (10ton)

6

-

2B

400

Vibratory roller (10ton)

6

-

3A

400

Vibratory roller (10ton)

6

15% of Volume

3B

1000

Vibratory roller (10ton)

6

15% of Volume

3C

1600

Vibratory roller (10ton)

6

15% of Volume

Table 3 and Fig. 1์€ A์™€ B CFRD ์ œ์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์ง๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. A์™€ B CFRD ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์ง๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , ์ƒโ€คํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋Š” 1:1.4์ด๋‹ค. Table 4, Figs. 2 and 3์€ A์™€ B CFRD์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณ„์ธก๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋“ค ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ๊ณ„(cluster strain gauge)์™€ ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„์ธก์ •๊ณ„(face slab jointmeter) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„์ธก์ •๊ณ„(perimetric joint meter) ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์™€ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

3. ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ถ„์„

PIC1A14.jpg

(a) Cross-Section at STA. 12, A CFRD

PIC1C29.jpg

(b) Cross-Section at STA. 9, B CFRD

Fig. 1. Zoning Cross-Sections for A and B CFRDs

Table 4. Location of the Installed Instrumentations

Dam Name

Instrumentation

Symbol

Location (EL. m)

A

CFRD

Cluster strain gauge

CGA1~CGA4

580.00

CGA5~CGA8

560.00

Face slab jointmeter

JMA1~JMA4

580.00

JMA5~JMA8

560.00

Perimetric jointmeter

PJA1

553.53

PJA2

532.06

PJA3

514.02

PJA4

507.97

PJA5

532.00

B

CFRD

Cluster strain gauge

CGB1~CGB4

250.00

CGB5~CGB6

230.00

Face slab jointmeter

JMB1~JMB5

250.00

JMB6~JMB7

230.00

Perimetric jointmeter

PJB1

240.00

PJB2

210.00

PJB3

213.00

PJB4

223.00

PJB5

240.00

PIC20EC.jpg

Fig. 2. Main Instrumentations for A CFRD Slab

PIC24E5.jpg

Fig. 3. Main Instrumentations for B CFRD Slab

3.1 ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ 

์™ธ๋ถ€ ์‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ์ธก์ •๊ณ„ 3๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์กฐ๋กœ ๋งค์„ค๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์ง, ์ˆ˜ํ‰, ๋Œ€๊ฐ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. A์™€ B CFRD์— ๋งค์„ค๋œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ์ธก์ •๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง„๋™ํ˜„์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 3,000ใŽฒ์ด๋‹ค.

Fig. 4์—์„œ Fig. 7์€ A์™€ B CFRD์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ฒ”๋ก€์—์„œ V, D, H๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ์ธก์ •๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณ„์ธก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ๋ฉด๊ณผ ํ‰ํ–‰, ๋Œ€๊ฐ, ์ง๊ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค(Fig. 4์™€ 6์ฐธ์กฐ). A CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ค์น˜๋œ 8๊ฐœ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ Fig. 4์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ์ธก์ •๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ธ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ์ธก์ •๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์€ -150~150ใŽฒ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜จ๋„ ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™์ ˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์ ˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PIC2582.gif

Fig. 4. Strain Gauge Readings for CGA7 Cluster on A CFRD Slab

PIC2610.gif

(a) Vertical Strain Gauge Readings for CGA1 to CGA8 Clusters on A CFRD Slab

PIC26AD.gif

(b) Diagonal Strain Gauge Readings for CGA1 to CGA8 Clusters on A CFRD Slab

PIC273B.gif

(c) Horizontal Strain Gauge Readings for CGA1 to CGA8 Clusters on A CFRD Slab

Fig. 5. Strain Gauge Readings for CGA1 to CGA8 Clusters on A CFRD Slab

B CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์„ค์น˜๋œ 6๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ Fig. 6๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ -90~90ใŽฒ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๊ฑฐ๋™์€ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. A CFRD์˜ ๋งŒ์ˆ˜์œ„(E.L 593.0m)์™€ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„(E.L 546.5m) ์ฐจ๋Š” 46.5m์ด๊ณ  B CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋งŒ์ˆ˜์œ„(E.L 264.0m)์™€ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„(E.L 247.9m) ์ฐจ๋Š” 16.1m๋กœ A CFRD์˜ ์ˆ˜์œ„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ B CFRD ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 3๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ํฌ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ์ปค ์ˆ˜์œ„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ A CFRD์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์ด B CFRD ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 60ใŽฒํฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋Œ ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Table 5๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” 0.47~0.87m๋กœ ๋†’์ด์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ , A์™€ B๋Œ์˜ ๋ณด๊ฐ• ์ฒ ๊ทผ์–‘์€ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ์ฒด์ ์˜ 0.4%๋กœ Foz do areia๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , Cethana๋Œ๊ณผ Winneke๋Œ์˜ 0.6%์™€ 0.45%๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž‘๋‹ค.

Casinader and Watt (1985)์€ Winneke๋Œ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ธ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์••์ถ•๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ 200ใŽฒ๊ณผ 500ใŽฒ์ด๊ณ , Fitzpatrick et al. (1986)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด Cethana๋Œ์—์„œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์••์ถ•๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ 400ใŽฒ, Foz do Areia๋Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 665ใŽฒ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์••์ถ•๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fitzpatrick (1985)์€ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ์‹œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ 1,000~3,000ใŽฒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ธ‰์† ํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 1,000ใŽฒ, ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 3,000ใŽฒ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ A์™€ B CFRD ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ยฑ150ใŽฒ์™€ ยฑ90ใŽฒ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

PIC27F7.gif

Fig. 6. Strain Gauge Readings for CGB5 Cluster on B CFRD Slab

Table 5. Basic Physical Properties of CFRD Cases Considered in this Study

Dam Name

Height

H (m)

Year

Completed

Slopes

Concrete face slab

Reservoir

capacity

(ร—106m3)

Upst.

Downst.

Thickness (m)

Reinforcement (%)

Face area (ร—103m2)

A

90

2007

1.4

1.4

0.3+0.003H=0.57

0.4

34.4

7.1

B

62

2007

1.4

1.4

0.3+0.003H=0.48

0.4

19.6

10.2

Cethana

110

1971

1.3

1.3

0.3+0.002H=0.52

0.6

24.0

109.0

Foz do areia

160

1980

1.4

1.4

0.3+0.00357H=0.87

0.4

139.0

6,100.0

Winneke

85

1979

1.5

2.2

0.3+0.002H=0.47

0.45

83.0

100.0

3.2 ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„

์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„์ธก์ •๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์ธก๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„์ธก์ •๊ณ„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง๊ฐ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์Œ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํšก๋‹จํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. Figs. 2 and 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด A CFRD์—๋Š” 8๊ฐœ, B CFRD์—๋Š” 7๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๋ณ€์œ„์ธก์ •๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง„๋™ํ˜„์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 0~50mm(ยฑ25mm)์ด๋‹ค.

Figs. 8 and 9๋Š” A์™€ B CFRD์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. A CFRD์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„ JMA1~4๋Š” EL. 580m, JMA5~8์€ EL. 560m์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์ธ 2005๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ฝ 2006๋…„ 9์›” 20์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” 0~9mm์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 9mm์ •๋„์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ JMA4์™€ JMA8์„ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” 0~0.5mm์ด๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ๋™์ ˆ๊ธฐ์ธ 2006๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” 0.5mm, ํ•˜์ ˆ๊ธฐ์ธ 2006๋…„ 7์›”์—๋Š” 0.0mm์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ˜•์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฌผ์— ์ž ๊ธด 2006๋…„ 9์›” 20์ผ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” 0์—์„œ ยฑ4mm๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ JMA5๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , JMA3์™€ 6์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ธก์ •๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. A CFRD ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์˜จ๋„ํ•˜์ค‘๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

B CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„ JMB1~5๋Š” EL. 250m, JMB6~7๋Š” EL. 230m์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. B CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณ„์ธก๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์ธก์€ 2004๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ , ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๋Š” 2004๋…„ 7์›” 5์ผ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด 2004๋…„ 7์›” 10์ผ ๊ฒฝ์— JMB6~7๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ EL. 230m๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด 2004๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ EL. 248m์˜ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„๋ฅผ 2005๋…„ 7์›” 8์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ํ›„ 2005๋…„ 7์›” 20์ผ ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” JMB1~5๊ฐ€ ๋งค์„ค๋œ EL. 250m๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๋˜๊ณ  2006๋…„ 8์›” 29์ผ์— ๋งŒ์ˆ˜์œ„(EL. 264m)์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ EL. 263m๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. JMB6๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— -4mm๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด -3~-4mm, JMB2๋Š” ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด 0~1mm ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. JMB1, 3, 4, 7์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 0~5mm์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. JMB1์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2007๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2005๋…„ 3์›” 3์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 0์—์„œ 3.357mm๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ 2005๋…„ 6์›” 16์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 0.771mm๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ 2006๋…„ 3์›” 7์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 5.821mm๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ 2006๋…„ 9์›” 26์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 1.393mm๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ํ›„ 2007๋…„ 1์›” 30์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 5.259mm์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ํƒ€๋‚˜๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. JMB1, 3, 4, 7 ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„์ ˆ์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ยฑ5mm ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ A CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , B CFRD์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ„์ ˆ์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

PIC28B4.gif

(a) Vertical Strain Gauge Readings for CGB1 to CGB6 Clusters on B CFRD Slab

PIC2951.gif

(b) Diagonal Strain Gauge Readings for CGB1 to CGB6 Clusters on B CFRD Slab

PIC29CF.gif

(c) Horizontal Strain Gauge Readings for CGB1 to CGB6 Clusters on B CFRD Slab

Fig. 7. Strain Gauge Readings for CGB1 to CGB6 Clusters on B CFRD Slab

PIC2A7C.gif

Fig. 8. Horizontal Displacement Reading of JMA1 to JMA8 Face Slab Jointmeter on A CFRD

PIC2B29.gif

Fig. 9. Horizontal Displacement Readings of JMB1 to JMB7 Face Slab Jointmeter on B CFRD

3.3 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„

CFRD์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ๋ฉด์ธ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์™€ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šค(plinth)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€(์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ(๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง(O), ์นจํ•˜(S), ์ „๋‹จ(T))์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„์ธก์ •๊ณ„๋ฅผ 1๊ฐœ์กฐ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„์ธก์ •๊ณ„๋Š” Table 4, Figs. 2 and 3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด A์™€ B CFRD์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. A์™€ B CFRD์— ๋งค์„ค๋œ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง„๋™ํ˜„์‹์œผ๋กœ 100mm(=(ยฑ50mm))์˜ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

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Fig. 10. Displacement Readings of PJA5 Perimetric Jointmeter on A CFRD

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(a) Opening Displacement Readings of PJA1 to PJA5 Perimetric Jointmeter on A CFRD

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(b) Settlement Displacement Readings of PJA1 to PJA5 Perimetric Jointmeter on A CFRD

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(c) Shear Displacement Readings of PJA1 to PJA5 Perimetric Jointmeter on A CFRD

Fig. 11. Displacement Readings of PJA1 to PJA5 Perimetric Jointmeter on A CFRD

Figs. 10~13์€ ๋งค์„ค๋œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„์ธก์ •๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ฒ”๋ก€์—์„œ O๋Š” ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  +๋Š” ์—ด๋ฆผ, -๋Š” ๋‹ซํž˜; S๋Š” ์นจํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  +๋Š” ์œต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, -๋Š” ์นจํ•˜; T๋Š” ์ „๋‹จ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ +๋Š” ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, -๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

Figs. 10 and 11์€ A CFRD์— ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„ PJA5์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ณ€์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ 5๊ฐœ์กฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ณ„ ๋ณ€์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. PJA5์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ „ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” -1mm์ •๋„ ์ด๊ณ , ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋„์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2006๋…„ 10์›” 2์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 4๊ฐœ์›” ๊ฐ„ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„๊ฐ€ EL. 534.0m์—์„œ EL. 586.3m๋กœ 52.3m์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” 0~-2mm์—์„œ -15~20mm๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Fig. 11์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ PJA5์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„์˜ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ EL. 514.02m์™€ EL. 507.97m๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ œ์ฒด ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€ PJA3์™€ PJA4์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ยฑ0.2mm์™€ 0.1~-3.5mm๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. PJA3์™€ PJA4๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œ 18m์ด์ƒ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ๋ถ€ PJA1, 2, 5์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ยฑ20mm๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, EL. 532m ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์„ค์น˜๋œ PJA 2์™€ PJA5์—์„œ ํฐ ๋ณ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , PJA2-O์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ -70mm๋กœ ๊ณ„์ธก๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. A CFRD์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ค‘์•™๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

Figs. 12 and 13์€ B CFRD์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„ PJB1์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ณ€์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ 5๊ฐœ์กฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ณ„ ๋ณ€์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. PJB1์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ -0.5~4.5mm ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. B CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ’๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์ธก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” -1~5mm ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. EL. 210.0m๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณณ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ PJB2์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ„์ธก ์ค‘ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜ PJB2-T๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” 0~0.5mm๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” PJB1๊ณผ 5์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ค‘์•™๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

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Fig. 12. Displacement Readings of PJB1 Perimetric Jointmeter on B CFRD

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(a) Opening Displacement Readings of PJB1 to PJB5 Perimetric Jointmeter on B CFRD

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(b) Settlement Displacement Readings of PJB1 to PJB5 Perimetric Jointmeter on B CFRD

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(c) Shear Displacement Readings of PJB1 to PJB5 Perimetric Jointmeter on B CFRD

Fig. 13. Displacement Readings of PJB1 to PJB5 Perimetric Jointmeter on B CFRD

์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ค‘์•™๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘ ์ž‘์šฉ ์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ์žฅ๊ณผ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์€ ์ธ์žฅํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

4. ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰

๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค(Amaya and Marulanda, 1985; Arrau et al., 1985; Hunter, 2003; Leps et al., 1985; Materรณn et al., 2008; Millet et al., 1985; Sherard and Cooke, 1987)์€ CFRD์—์„œ์˜ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€, ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ท ์—ด, ์–‘์•ˆ๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šค์™€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ท ์—ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ‹ˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ฒด์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Materรณn et al. (2008)์€ Barra Grande CFRD (185m-Brazil)์™€ Campos Novos CFRD (202m-Brazil)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— 1,000~1,500l/sec์˜ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ๋Œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ์ฒด๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Freitas (2005)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด Ita CFRD (125m-Brazil)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— 1,732l/sec์˜ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ ์ œ์ฒด๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Won and Kim (2008)์€ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 122m ์ดํ•˜์ธ CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 10l/sec์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , ๋Œ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 125m ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 45~160l/sec๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Freitas (2005)๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ CFRD์—์„œ์˜ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 20~300l/sec๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ด๊ณ , 400l/sec์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ธ ์ €์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Figs. 14 and 15๋Š” A์™€ B CFRD์—์„œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 90m์ธ A CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„๊ฐ€ E.L 223m์—์„œ E.L 584m๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์—์„œ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 1~2l/sec์—์„œ 15l/sec๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„์˜ ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 5~15l/sec์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์€ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ณ„ PJA1, 2, 5์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„ ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ Figs. 10 and 11์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ์ธ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 62m์ธ B CFRD์—์„œ์˜ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ 1~43l/sec๋กœ ๊ธ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ ํ›„ ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„๋ฉด์˜ ๋†’์ด์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด 1.5l/sec์ •๋„์˜ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์ง์ „ 43l/sec์˜ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. Hunter (2003)๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›์ธ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PIC36BB.gif

Fig. 14. Recorded Leakage and Reservoir Level Since Impounding at A CFRD

PIC43CC.gif

Fig. 15. Recorded Leakage and Reservoir Level Since Impounding at B CFRD

์ €์ˆ˜์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ A CFRD์—์„œ B CFRD๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ด€์ธก๋˜๊ณ , ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ์ฒด ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” CFRD์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„์ธก๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์™€ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์€ ยฑ150ใŽฒ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜จ๋„ ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™์ ˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์ ˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ณ , ์ €์ˆ˜์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

(2)์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ยฑ5mm ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ A CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , B CFRD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ„์ ˆ์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋Œ ๋†’์ด ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

(3)์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ค‘์•™๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘ ์ž‘์šฉ ์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ์žฅ๊ณผ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์€ ์ธ์žฅํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

(4)๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์ด์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์€ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ์ฒด ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์•ˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2013๋…„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฐ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‹ ์ž„๊ต์ˆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต๋‹น๊ตญ์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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