Mobile QR Code QR CODE : Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

  1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฝœ๋กœ๋ผ๋„์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ† ๋ชฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ()
  2. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ()


์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜, 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„
Shear flow, 2-D advection-dispersion, Time-split Mixing Model, Dispersion coefficient, Mixing time

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

ํ•˜์ฒœ์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ˜๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋…์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ˆ„์ถœ, ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ณ€๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋ณต ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ผ์‹œ์— ํ•˜์ฒœ์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›๊ณผ ์ทจ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ด ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํ•˜ํญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” 2์ฐจ์› ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์—ผ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‘ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์งˆ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ–‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์†๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผ์„ฑ, ํ•˜์•ˆ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜์—ญ(dead zone) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•์ , ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ์€ ํ•˜ํญ ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ณ , ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์งง๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ 3์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” 2์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Rutherford, 1994).

Taylor(1954)์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ(shear flow dispersion) ์ด๋ก ์€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜๋ž€ 3์ฐจ์› ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ๋‚ด ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์†์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์€ ์œ ์† ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๋‹จ ์ด์†ก๊ณผ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํผ์ง ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด Taylor(1954)์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ์› ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fischer ๋“ฑ, 1979). McGruik๊ณผ Rodi(1978)๋Š” ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์–‘์•ˆ์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ทผ์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜์‹ฌํ‰๊ท  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , Fischer ๋“ฑ(1979)์€ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์† ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ์‹๊ณผ ๋†๋„๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ผ์ค‘์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…์„œ(tensor) ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3์ฐจ์› ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ์› ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Alavian(1986)์€ 2์ฐจ์› ์œ ์†์žฅ์— ๊ตญ์ง€ ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— 2์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจํ˜•์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ…์„œํ˜• ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Piasecki์™€ Katopodes(1999)๋Š” Alavian(1986) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž์—ฐํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Duan(2004)์€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ Schumidt์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , 2์ฐจ์› ์œ ํšจ์š”์†Œ๋ฒ•(efficient element method)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํ–‰์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Chang(1971)์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋Š” Lee์™€ Kim(2000)์ด Holly-Preissmann๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ์› ์˜ค์—ผ-ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Lee์™€ Kim(2002)๋Š” ์ด์†ก๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ง„๋™์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ด์†ก๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Han๊ณผ Kim(2000)์€ ํ…์„œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  Petrov-Galerkin๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Kim๊ณผ Han(2000)์€ 2์ฐจ์› ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ์˜ค์—ผํ™•์‚ฐ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋‚™๋™๊ฐ•์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ์šฉ๋ชจํ˜•์ธ QUAL2E์˜ ๋ชจ์˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Seo์™€ Lee(2006), Seo ๋“ฑ(2008)์€ Alavian ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…์„œํ˜• ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” 2์ฐจ์› ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌํ–‰์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„๊ท ์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์‚ฌํ–‰์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์ถ”์ ์ž ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ์› ์œ ์†์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ํ…์„œํ˜• ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ง„๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํผ์งํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•ด์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋งŒ ์น˜์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค(Jeon ๋“ฑ, 2007). ๋˜ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจํ˜•๋“ค์€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด์†ก ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท ๋œ 2์ฐจ์› ์œ ์†์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์‚ฌํ–‰ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” 2์ฐจ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 3์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ์œ ์† ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ 3์ฐจ์›์  ์œ ์†๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ์ด์†ก๊ณผ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” Taylor(1954)์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Taylor๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—๋งŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ 3์ฐจ์›์  ํ๋ฆ„๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Taylor(1954)์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ์— ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ๋ณด์กด์„ฑ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ๋ถ„ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•(Time-split Mixing Model; TMM)์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋„๋œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•(ํŽธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๋ฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์‚ฐ์ˆ ์  ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ˆ  ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๋ชจํ˜•(arithmetic operation model)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Table 1

Table 1. 2D advection-dispersion analysis methods

 

Previous study

This study

Model

Taylorโ€™s 2D advection-dispersion model (Mathematical model)

Time-split mixing model

(Arithmetic model)

Advection and pollutant

separation by shear flow

Use partial differential equation for advection

PICC16E.gif

Represent separation of pollutant due to vertical profiles of shear flows in the x, y directions by simple displacements

PICC19D.gif

Diffusion and dispersion

Use dispersion equation according to the Fickโ€™s law

PICC1AE.gif

Represent vertical diffusion by complete mixing in z direction

PICC1BF.gif

Total mixing effects

Use advection-dispersion equation

PICC1EF.gif

Describe advection-dispersion process by combining the shear flow separation in the longitudinal direction and turbulent diffusion in the vertical direction

Characteristics

ใ†Solve PDE without interpretation of physical processes about advection and turbulent diffusion

ใ†Represents dispersion effects by vertical velocity distributions with dispersion coefficients

ใ†Can be applied only to Taylor period

 

 

ใ†Model the physical processes of shear flow advection and turbulent diffusion to induce the combining effect

ใ†Use the arithmetic method to solve separation effects by velocity deviations in vertical direction.Thus, dispersion coefficients are not needed to be inputted into the model.

ใ†Can be applied to both initial and Taylor periods

). ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(operator splitting method)๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํผ์ง ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด์†ก๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์ฐจํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ฐœ๋…(sequential mixing concept)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ถ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Seo์™€ Son, 2006). Seo์™€ Son(2006)์˜ ์ˆœ์ฐจํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์€ 1์ฐจ์› ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์—ฐ์ง, ํ•˜ํญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข… ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ํ•˜ํญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํŽธ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์—ฐ์งํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋งŒ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ข…, ํšก ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ข… ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ, ํšก ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•˜ํญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํผ์ง ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅํŽธ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ(separation)์™€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์งํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹จ ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์™„์ „ํ˜ผํ•ฉ(ํ‰๊ท ) ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 2์ฐจ์› ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ 2์ฐจ์› ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— 2์ฐจ์› ์ถ”์ ๋ฒ•(Baek ๋“ฑ, 2006)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ์ข…๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2. ์ด๋ก ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

2.1 ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ•ด์„

์œ ์ฒด์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋ณด์กด์„ฑ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ•ด์„์€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ์œ ๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์œ ์ฒด ์†์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, Fick์˜ ์ œ 1๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์ž ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PICC1FF.gif (1)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ c๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, Dm์€ ๋ถ„์žํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, t๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๊ณ , i๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์žํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์†ก์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋†๋„๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

PICC210.gif (2)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ui๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์†์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. Eq. (1)๊ณผ Eq. (2)๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์š”๋™์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Reynoldsํ‰๊ท  ๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์„ ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋น„๋ก€ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ษ›x, ษ›y, ษ›z๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋น„์••์ถ•์„ฑ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋ณด์กด์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Fischer ๋“ฑ, 1979).

PICC240.gif(3)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, Ct๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์š”๋™์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท ๋œ ์ง€์ ๋ณ„ ๋†๋„์ด๋ฉฐ, u, v, w๋Š” x, y, z๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‰๊ท ์œ ์†์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

ํญ์ด ๋„“๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–•์€ ์ž์—ฐํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ„์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท ๋œ ์œ ์† u, v, w์™€ ๋†๋„ Ct๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ’ PICC250.gif, PICC261.gif, PICC272.gif, C์™€ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŽธ์ฐจ PICC282.gif, PICC293.gif, PICC2B3.gif, PICC2C4.gif์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ Eq. (3)์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ›„, ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ h๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‰๊ท ํ•˜๋ฉด 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

       

PICC303.gif

(4)

Taylor(1954)๋Š” Eq. (4)์˜ ์šฐ๋ณ€์˜ 3, 4๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ์ธ ์œ ์†ํŽธ์ฐจ์™€ ๋†๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ณฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ํ‰๊ท ํ•ญ์„ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Eq. (5)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fischer ๋“ฑ, 1979).

PICC343.gif (5a)

PICC353.gif (5b)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, Dxx๋Š” ์ข…๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ DL๋กœ, Dyy๋Š” ํšก๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ DT๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Dxy, Dyx๋Š” ๊ณ ์ • ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹ค์ œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์— ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํผ์ง ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PICC383.gif (6)

Fischer ๋“ฑ(1979)์€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์œ ์ž… ์ดํ›„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด Taylor์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ(variance)๋„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํžŒ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” Taylor๊ฐ€์ •์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ Eq. (6)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Chatwin(1970)์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Taylor๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

                                      

PICC394.gif (7)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ W๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋กœํญ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.2 ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ์‹

์ž์—ฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ „์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์‚ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์œ ์†๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” 2์ฐจ๋ฅ˜(secondary current)๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•˜ํญ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์œ ์†๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์‹์€ Prandtl(1952)์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. Rozovskii(1957)๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋กœ๊ทธ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICC3B4.gif (8)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, k๋Š” von Karman ์ƒ์ˆ˜, Ch๋Š” Chezy ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, g๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ฐ€์†๋„, z๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ Odgaard(1986)๋Š” ๋ฉฑ์Šน(power law) ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†๋ถ„ํฌ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICC3C5.gif (9a)

               

PICC3E5.gif (9b)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, u*๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์œ ์†์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๋งŒ๊ณก๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์ˆ˜์ง์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์— 2์ฐจ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ฃผํ๋ฆ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๊ณก์˜ ์™ธ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์œ ์†์„ ์„ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ๋ฆ„ ํ•ด์„์— ์žˆ์–ด 2์ฐจ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์ ์„ฑํ•ญ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 30%๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ(Seo์™€ Song, 2010), ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•˜์ฒœ์— ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํ•˜ํญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€, ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด 2์ฐจ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Rozovskii(1957)๋Š” u ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ถ„ํฌ์‹๊ณผ ์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์™„์ „๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ๋ฆ„(fully developed flow) ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ์‹์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICC415.gif (10)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ rc๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฌํ–‰๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

de Vriend(1977)๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ํ‰๊ท ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์žฅ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ƒ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ฒœ์ˆ˜ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์ฃผํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” 2์ฐจ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์†๋ถ„ํฌ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ง€ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ํ•˜์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ์œ ์†๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค(de Vriend, 1977).

PICC425.gif       (11)

PICC465.gif 

(12)

Odgaard(1986)๋Š” ์—ฐ์ง๋‹จ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜๋Š” 2์ฐจ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์›์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์ ์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ v์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ์•ˆ์‹๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํ–‰๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ˆœ์ด์†ก์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ v์œ ์†์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ’ PICC476.gif๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2์ฐจ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์†๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ฉด์˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” v์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค(Seo์™€ Jung, 2010).

PICC496.gif (13)

PICC4A6.gif    (14)

3. ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

3.1 ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ด์†ก๊ณผ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” Taylor(1954)์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์†ก ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์š”์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์—ฐ์ง ์„  ์˜ค์—ผ์›์€ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์งํŽธ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์งํŽธ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ์šด์€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ƒ์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ์ด์†ก๊ณผ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fig. 1

PICC553.gif

Fig. 1. Sequential mixing process in straight channel according to the TMM

).

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (tm)์„ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด์†ก์‹œ๊ฐ„(โˆ†t1)๊ณผ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„(โˆ†t2)์˜ ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1ํšŒ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •(โˆ†t2 = โˆ†tv โ‰ˆ 0)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด์†ก๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค(Fischer ๋“ฑ, 1979).

PICC574.gif (15)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋†๋„ํŽธ์ฐจ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ํ‰๊ท  ๋†๋„์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ 10 % ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„๋ก€ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ a๋ฅผ 0.1๋กœ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค(Fischer ๋“ฑ, 1979). Eq. (15)์— ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ํ‰๊ท ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ PICC584.gif๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICC5A4.gif (16)

PICC5C5.gif       (17)

3.2 3์ฐจ์› ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ชจํ˜•

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Fig. 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 3์ฐจ์› ์ง์„  ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ธธ์ด โˆ†x, ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ธธ์ด โˆ†y, ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ธธ์ด โˆ†z์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ํผ์ง ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ข…, ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „๋‹จ์ด์†ก๊ณผ ์—ฐ์งํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์˜์˜์—ญ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์†์žฅ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋†๋„ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์† ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ ์ ˆ์ ์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ์†์„ ํ• ๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋†๋„๋Š” C0๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋†๋„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ 0์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” tm๋™์•ˆ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ์ด์†ก์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋†๋„๊ฐ’์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ ˆ์ ์— ํ• ๋‹น๋œ ์œ ์†๊ณผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒํผ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ด์†ก์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ํ›„, ์—ฐ์งํ™•์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ˆ์ ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์ด ํ• ๋‹น๋˜์–ด ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ๋‹ค์Œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์žฌํ• ๋‹น๋œ ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ ˆ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „๋‹จ ์ด์†ก๋˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์ด ํ• ๋‹น๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งค ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์‹ฌํ‰๊ท  ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ Cโ€’ (x,y)๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฐ์ˆ ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจํ˜• ํ๋ฆ„๋„๋ฅผ Fig. 2์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค

PICC623.gif

Fig. 2. Flowchart of the TMM

.

3.2.1 ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ

(1) ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์†ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์ „๋‹จํ๋ฆ„์— ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์› ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ Fig. 3a์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์กด์„ฑ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Fig. 3a-1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†๋„๊ณก์„ ์ด Dirac deltaํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ x๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, y๋Š” ํ•˜ํญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  z๋Š” ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

(2) ํŠน์ • y1์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์€ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œ ์†์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์†ก์‹œ๊ฐ„ โˆ†t1๋™์•ˆ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค(Fig. 3b).

PICC644.gif (18)

(3) ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ด์†ก์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ํ›„, ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ x์ขŒํ‘œ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ฌํ‰๊ท  ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ’์„ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ ˆ์ ์— ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ๋†๋„๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค(Fig. 3c).

PICC664.gif (19)

(4) ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์€ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์งํŽธ์ฐจ๋งŒํผ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๋„“์€ ๋ ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Fig. 3a-1์˜ ๋†๊ณ ๊ณก์„ ์ด Fig. 3c-1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ Taylor๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

PICC720.gif     

PICC770.gif

PICC86B.gif 

PICC8BA.gif

PICC918.gif

Fig. 3. Longitudinal advection by shear flow and vertical diffusion

3.2.2 ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ

(1) ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ํ›„, ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์ˆ˜์ง์ธ ์—ฐ์ง๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค(Fig. 4a

PICC958.gifPICC988.gif

PICC9E7.gif

PICCA26.gif

Fig. 4. Transverse advection by shear flow and vertical diffusion

).

(2) ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์ˆ˜์ง์ธ ์—ฐ์ง๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์€ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œ ์†์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์†ก์‹œ๊ฐ„ โˆ†t1๋™์•ˆ ํ•˜ํญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค(Fig. 4b).

PICCA37.gif (20)

(3) ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ด์†ก์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ํ›„, ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ y์ขŒํ‘œ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ฌํ‰๊ท  ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ’์„ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ ˆ์ ์— ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ๋†๋„๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค(Fig. 4c).

PICCA57.gif (21)

(4) ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์ˆ˜์ง์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์€ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ํ•˜ํญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋„“์€ ๋ ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.

3.2.3 ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ

(1) 1ํšŒ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌํ‰๊ท  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋†๋„๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 2์ฐจ์› ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€ ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์†ก๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ ์˜ค์—ผ์šด์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค(Fig. 1).

(2) ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ์˜ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ๋” ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์˜ ์ด์†ก ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.

4. ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ์˜

4.1 ๋ชจ์˜์˜์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์˜์กฐ๊ฑด

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ 2์ฐจ์› ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ชจ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜์—ญ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ชจ์˜ Case๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜์—ญ์€ ํ•˜ํญ 4 m,๊ธธ์ด 2000 m ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ์ง์„ ํ•˜์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์–‘์•ˆ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋ฅ˜๋‹จ์€ ์™„์ „๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด(open boundary condition)์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—์„œ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฌดํ™œ ์กฐ๊ฑด(no slip condition)์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” Manning์กฐ๋„๊ณ„์ˆ˜ n๊ฐ’์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ์†๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํ•˜ํญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3์ฐจ์› ๊ฒฉ์ž์— u์œ ์†์€ Rozovskii(1957)์˜ ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ถ„ํฌ์‹์„, v์œ ์†์€ Odgaard(1986)์˜ ์„ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ถ„ํฌ์‹์€ ์‹ค์ œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ์„ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฐจ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์— ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. Odgaard์˜ ์„ ํ˜•์‹์€ ์ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌํ‰๊ท ์€ 0์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํ–‰๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ rc๊ฐ’์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ vs๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์€ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์†์˜ 5% ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” Thorne ๋“ฑ(1983)์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์‹ค์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์งํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICCA77.gif (22)

๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํญ์— ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์†์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‰๊ท ์œ ์† ๋Œ€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์œ ์† ๋น„, ํ•˜ํญ ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ๋น„, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ tm์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(

Table 2. Dispersion coefficients using the TMM

Case

W/H

PICCAF5.gif / u*

t(sec)

DL / Hu*

DT / Hu*

301

13.3

10.2

2.0 

3.96 

0.09 

302

13.3

10.2

3.0 

6.79 

0.12 

303

13.3

10.2

4.0 

9.78 

0.14 

304

13.3

10.2

5.0 

9.83 

0.17 

305

13.3

10.2

6.0 

10.95 

0.26 

601

6.6

11.2

3.0 

1.82 

0.07 

602

6.6

11.2

5.0 

4.25 

0.12 

603

6.6

11.2

7.0 

9.72 

0.23 

604

6.6

11.2

9.0 

17.17 

0.31 

605

6.6

11.2

11.0 

18.11 

0.41 

Table 2).

4.2 ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅธ ๋’ค ์˜ค์—ผ์šด์€ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋†๋„์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•˜ํญ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋„“์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํญ ๊ธธ์ด๋งŒํผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์ ์— ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ ์™œ๊ณกํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fischer ๋“ฑ, 1979). ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ์˜ ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ’์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fig. 6). ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์กด ๋ฒ•์น™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ M์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋†๋„ C0๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICCB44.gif (23)

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹(24)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด ๋ชจ์˜์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์กด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

PICCB65.gif (24)

5. ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

5.1 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต

PICCBD3.gif

Fig. 5. Change of the C-x curve with time (Case 301)

 

PICCC70.gif

Fig. 6. Change of the C-y curve with time (Case 301)

2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•(2D advection-dispersion model: 2D ADM)์€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์„ 2์ฐจ์›์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ Eq. (6)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ท ์ผํ•œ(uniform) 2์ฐจ์› ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ค‘์•™์— ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ M์˜ ์ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด๋Š” Eq. (25)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(Fischer ๋“ฑ, 1979). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Eq. (25)์—์„œ ๋ฌดํ•œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.    

      

PICCC90.gif

(25)

์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์™€ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

a) Concentration variation at x=80 m

PICCCEF.gif

b) Concentration variation at x=200 m

PICCD4E.gif

Fig. 7. Comparison of C-t curves by 2D ADM and TMM (Case 301)

Fig. 7์€ Case 301์˜ x=80 m ๋ฐ x=200 m์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธก์ •๋œ Cโ€’t ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ y์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋„์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๊ฐ ์ง€์ ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘ ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ’์€ ๋‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. x=80 m ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋†๋„์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์€ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 55.9 ppm, 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ 52.2 ppm์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  x=200 m ์ง€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 22.4 ppm, 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ 23.3 ppm์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ฒจ๋‘ ๋†๋„ ๊ฐ’์ด 4 % ~ 7 % ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, Cโ€’ (x,y) contour๋ฅผ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fig. 8). 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๋ชจ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์šด์˜ ๋†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ x์ถ•, y์ถ•์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Fig. 8์˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ Cโ€’ x ๊ณก์„ ์„ Fig. 9์— ๋„์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๋ชจ์˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋†๋„์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„(t = 10sec)์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋†๋„๊ณก์„  ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Taylor์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ 2D ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. t = 40sec ์ดํ›„, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋†๋„๊ณก์„ ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด 3์ฐจ์› ์œ ์†๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ Taylor๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ 2์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจํ˜•(2D ADM)๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค

a) TMM (t= 10 sec)

PICCDBC.gif

b) Analytical solution of 2D ADM  (t= 10 sec)

PICCDEC.gif

c) TMM (t= 40 sec)

PICCE3B.gif

d) Analytical solution of 2D ADM  (t= 40 sec)

PICCE6B.gif

Fig. 8. Comparison of 2D concentration distributions (Case 301)

 

PICCF76.gif

PICCFC5.gif

Fig. 9. Comparison of  C-x  curves by 2D ADM and TMM (Case 301)

.

5.2 ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ •

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ์› ๋†๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ •๋ฒ• ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ 2์ฐจ์› ์ถ”์ ๋ฒ•(two-dimensional routing procedure; Baek ๋“ฑ, 2006)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ถ”์ ๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๋†๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ Eq. (6)์˜ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ถ”์ ์‹์— ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๋†๋„์™€ ์‹ค์ธก๋œ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜๋ถ€ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ์  ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๋™๊ฒฐ ๊ฐ€์ •(frozen assumption; Fischer ๋“ฑ, 1979)์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ Cโ€’t ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์ถ”์ ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(Baek ๋“ฑ, 2006).

PICCFF5.gif

PICD025.gif

(26)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ PICD035.gif, PICD046.gif๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์ง€์ ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ์› ์ถ”์ ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ทจ๋“๋œ ๋†๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์—†์ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ Gauss-Newton๋ฒ•(Bates์™€ Watts, 1988)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšก๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ข…๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ทจ๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ •๋„์— ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ‰๊ท ์œ ์† ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ, ์กฐ๋„๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ข…๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Fig. 10). ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์ด์†ก์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์› ์ข…๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ Elder(1959)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฐ’(DL/Hu* = 5.93)๊ณผ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.

PICD0A5.gif

PICD142.gif

Fig. 10. Variation of dispersion coefficients according to mixing time

Fig. 10a๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฐจ์› ์ข…๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ tm์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ Elder ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์˜ 3๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Baek ๋“ฑ(2006)์€ ์‚ฌํ–‰์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ์ถ”์ ์ž ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ DL/Hu*๊ฐ€ Elder๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฐ’์˜ 6๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค.

6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ด์†ก๊ณผ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” Taylor(1954)์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  2์ฐจ์› ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์œ ์†ํŽธ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋†๋„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ์งํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ 3์ฐจ์› ์ง์„  ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ด์†ก, ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ, ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ด์†ก, ์—ฐ์ง๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” Rozovskii(1957)์˜ ๋กœ๊ทธ์‹, ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œ ์†์˜ ์—ฐ์ง๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” Odgaard(1986)์˜ ์„ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋†๋„์ค‘์ฒฉ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์กด ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Chatwin(1970)์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ Taylor๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์ž˜ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, Taylor์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ์šด์€ ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์™œ๊ณก๋œ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๋ชจ์˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ Taylor๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ๋†๋„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด 2์ฐจ์› ์ด์†ก-๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด๊ฐ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ Taylor๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ 2์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ์˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ข…๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํšก๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์› ์ข…๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” Elder(1959)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์˜ 3๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, Baek ๋“ฑ(2006)์ด ์‚ฌํ–‰์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ถ”์ ์ž ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

      

Acknowledgements

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญํ† ํ•ด์–‘๋ถ€ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์‚ฌ์—…(11๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ C06), ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต SIR BK21(์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ฑด์„ค) ์‚ฌ์—…๋‹จ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ณตํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ข…ํ•ฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ด ์ค€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

References

1 
Alavian, V. (1986). โ€œDispersion tensor in rotating flows,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 8, pp. 770-777.Alavian, V. (1986). โ€œDispersion tensor in rotating flows,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 8, pp. 770-777.Google Search
2 
Baek, K. O., Seo, I. W. and Jung, S. J. (2006). โ€œEvaluation of dispersion coefficients in meandering channels from transient tracer tests,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 132, No. 10, pp. 1021-1032.Baek, K. O., Seo, I. W. and Jung, S. J. (2006). โ€œEvaluation of dispersion coefficients in meandering channels from transient tracer tests,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 132, No. 10, pp. 1021-1032.Google Search
3 
Bates, D.M. and Watts, D.G. (1988). Nonlinear regression analysis and its applications, John Wiley and Sons, New York.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470316757Bates, D.M. and Watts, D.G. (1988). Nonlinear regression analysis and its applications, John Wiley and Sons, New York.DOI
4 
Chang, Y. (1971). Lateral mixing in meandering channels, Ph. D thesis, University of Iowa, USA.Chang, Y. (1971). Lateral mixing in meandering channels, Ph. D thesis, University of Iowa, USA.Google Search
5 
Chatwin, P. C. (1970). โ€œThe approach to normality of the concentration distribution of a solute in a solvent flowing along a straight pipe,โ€ J. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 321-352.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112070002409Chatwin, P. C. (1970). โ€œThe approach to normality of the concentration distribution of a solute in a solvent flowing along a straight pipe,โ€ J. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 321-352.DOI
6 
de Vriend, H.J. (1977). โ€œA mathematical model of steady flow in curved shallow channels,โ€ J. of Hydr. Res., IAHR, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 37-54.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221687709499748de Vriend, H.J. (1977). โ€œA mathematical model of steady flow in curved shallow channels,โ€ J. of Hydr. Res., IAHR, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 37-54.DOI
7 
Duan, G. (2004). โ€œSimulation of flow and mass dispersion in meandering channels,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 130, No. 10, pp. 964-976.Duan, G. (2004). โ€œSimulation of flow and mass dispersion in meandering channels,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 130, No. 10, pp. 964-976.Google Search
8 
Elder, J.W. (1959). โ€œThe dispersion of marked fluid in turbulent shear flow,โ€ J. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 5, pp. 544-560.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112059000374Elder, J.W. (1959). โ€œThe dispersion of marked fluid in turbulent shear flow,โ€ J. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 5, pp. 544-560.DOI
9 
Fischer, H.B., List, E.J., Koh, R.C.Y., Imberger, J. and Brooks, N. H. (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters, Academic, New York.Fischer, H.B., List, E.J., Koh, R.C.Y., Imberger, J. and Brooks, N. H. (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters, Academic, New York.Google Search
10 
Han, K. Y. and Kim, S. H. (2000). โ€œAdvection-diffusion analysis in a river by Petrov-Galerkin method,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 20, No. 2B, pp. 251-259 (in Korean).Han, K. Y. and Kim, S. H. (2000). โ€œAdvection-diffusion analysis in a river by Petrov-Galerkin method,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 20, No. 2B, pp. 251-259 (in Korean).Google Search
11 
Jeon, T. M., Baek, K. O. and Seo, I. W. (2007). โ€œDevelopment of an empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient in natural streams,โ€ Environ. Fluid Mech., Springer, Vol. 7, pp. 317-329.Jeon, T. M., Baek, K. O. and Seo, I. W. (2007). โ€œDevelopment of an empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient in natural streams,โ€ Environ. Fluid Mech., Springer, Vol. 7, pp. 317-329.Google Search
12 
Kim, S. H. and Han, K. Y. (2000). โ€œ2-D Water quality analysis in Nakdong River by finite element method,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 20, No. 4B, pp. 525-533 (in Korean).Kim, S. H. and Han, K. Y. (2000). โ€œ2-D Water quality analysis in Nakdong River by finite element method,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 20, No. 4B, pp. 525-533 (in Korean).Google Search
13 
Lee, J. K. and Kim, J. Y. (2000). โ€œNumerical modeling of two- dimensional advection-diffusion equation,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 20, No. 3B, pp. 351-360 (in Korean).Lee, J. K. and Kim, J. Y. (2000). โ€œNumerical modeling of two- dimensional advection-diffusion equation,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 20, No. 3B, pp. 351-360 (in Korean).Google Search
14 
Lee, J. K. and Kim, K. K. (2002). โ€œBehavior analysis of pollutant material by two-dimensional numerical model,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 22, No. 5B, pp. 639-648 (in Korean).Lee, J. K. and Kim, K. K. (2002). โ€œBehavior analysis of pollutant material by two-dimensional numerical model,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 22, No. 5B, pp. 639-648 (in Korean).Google Search
15 
McGuirk, J. J. and Rodi, W. (1978). โ€œA depth-averaged mathematical model for the near field of side discharges into open channel flow,โ€ J. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 86, No.4, pp. 761-781.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002211207800138XMcGuirk, J. J. and Rodi, W. (1978). โ€œA depth-averaged mathematical model for the near field of side discharges into open channel flow,โ€ J. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 86, No.4, pp. 761-781.DOI
16 
Odgaard, A. J. (1986). โ€œMeander-flow model I: development,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 12, pp. 1117-1136.Odgaard, A. J. (1986). โ€œMeander-flow model I: development,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 12, pp. 1117-1136.Google Search
17 
Piasecki, M. and Katopodes, N.D. (1999). โ€œIdentification of stream dispersion coefficients by adjoint sensitivity method,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 125, No. 7, pp. 714-724.Piasecki, M. and Katopodes, N.D. (1999). โ€œIdentification of stream dispersion coefficients by adjoint sensitivity method,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 125, No. 7, pp. 714-724.Google Search
18 
Prandtl, L. (1952). Essentials of Fluid Dynamics, Hafner Publications, New York.Prandtl, L. (1952). Essentials of Fluid Dynamics, Hafner Publications, New York.Google Search
19 
Rozovskii, I. L. (1957). Flow of water in bends of open channels, Academy of Science of Ukrainian, SSR.Rozovskii, I. L. (1957). Flow of water in bends of open channels, Academy of Science of Ukrainian, SSR.Google Search
20 
Rutherford, J.C. (1994). River mixing, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K.Rutherford, J.C. (1994). River mixing, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K.Google Search
21 
Sayre, W.W. and Chang, F. M. (1968). โ€œA laboratory investigation of the open channel dispersion process for dissolved, suspended, and floating dispersants,โ€ U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper 433-E.Sayre, W.W. and Chang, F. M. (1968). โ€œA laboratory investigation of the open channel dispersion process for dissolved, suspended, and floating dispersants,โ€ U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper 433-E.Google Search
22 
Seo, I. W. and Jung, Y. J. (2010). โ€œVelocity distribution of secondary currents in curved channels,โ€ J. of Hydrodynamics, Elsevier, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 617-622.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(10)60003-0Seo, I. W. and Jung, Y. J. (2010). โ€œVelocity distribution of secondary currents in curved channels,โ€ J. of Hydrodynamics, Elsevier, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 617-622.DOI
23 
Seo, I. W. and Lee, M. E. (2006). โ€œDevelopment of 2D advection- dispersion model with dispersion tensor considering velocity field,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 26, No. 2B, pp. 171-178 (in Korean).Seo, I. W. and Lee, M. E. (2006). โ€œDevelopment of 2D advection- dispersion model with dispersion tensor considering velocity field,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 26, No. 2B, pp. 171-178 (in Korean).Google Search
24 
Seo, I. W., Lee, M. E. and Baek, K. O. (2008). โ€œ2D modeling of heterogeneous dispersion in meandering channels,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 134, No. 2, pp. 196-204.Seo, I. W., Lee, M. E. and Baek, K. O. (2008). โ€œ2D modeling of heterogeneous dispersion in meandering channels,โ€ J. of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 134, No. 2, pp. 196-204.Google Search
25 
Seo, I. W. and Son, E. W. (2006). โ€œDevelopment of sequential mixing model for analysis of shear flow dispersion,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 26, No. 4B, pp. 335-343 (in Korean).Seo, I. W. and Son, E. W. (2006). โ€œDevelopment of sequential mixing model for analysis of shear flow dispersion,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 26, No. 4B, pp. 335-343 (in Korean).Google Search
26 
Seo, I. W. and Song, C. G. (2010). โ€œDevelopment of 2D finite element model for the analysis of shallow water flow,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 30, No. 2B, pp. 199-209 (in Korean).Seo, I. W. and Song, C. G. (2010). โ€œDevelopment of 2D finite element model for the analysis of shallow water flow,โ€ Journal of Korea society of civil engineers, Vol. 30, No. 2B, pp. 199-209 (in Korean).Google Search
27 
Taylor, G.I. (1954). โ€œDispersion of matter in turbulent flow through a pipe,โ€ Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, Vol. 223, No. 1155, pp. 446-468.http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1954.0130Taylor, G.I. (1954). โ€œDispersion of matter in turbulent flow through a pipe,โ€ Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, Vol. 223, No. 1155, pp. 446-468.DOI
28 
Thorne, C.R., Rais, S., Zevenbergen, L.W., Bradley, J.B. and Julien, P.Y. (1983). โ€œMeasurements of bend flow hydraulics on the Fall River at low stage,โ€ WRFSL Report No. 83-9P, Nat. Park Serv., 107C Natural Resources, Colorado St. Univ., Fort Collins, CO.Thorne, C.R., Rais, S., Zevenbergen, L.W., Bradley, J.B. and Julien, P.Y. (1983). โ€œMeasurements of bend flow hydraulics on the Fall River at low stage,โ€ WRFSL Report No. 83-9P, Nat. Park Serv., 107C Natural Resources, Colorado St. Univ., Fort Collins, CO.Google Search