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  1. ๋™์•„๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜ ()


์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด, ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”, ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš, ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš, ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ
Natural Hazards, Climate Change, Hazard Mitigation, Sustainable Development, Resilient Community

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2010๋…„ 9์›” ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํญ์šฐ1)์™€ ๋‹ค์Œํ•ด 2011๋…„ 7์›” ๋ง ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํญ์šฐ2)๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋ช…๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„๊ฐ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ 6๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ ํ‰๊ท ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šนํญ์€ 1.7โ„ƒ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ท ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šนํญ 0.74โ„ƒ3)๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ƒํšŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(NIMR, 2009), ํญ์šฐ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋† ยท์–ด์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ํ”ผํ•ด์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋“ฏ ํ•œํŒŒ์™€ ํญ์„ค, ์ด์ƒ์ €์˜จยท๊ณ ์˜จ, ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜ธ์šฐ, ํƒœํ’, ํ™ฉ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋˜ํ•œ 2008๋…„ ๋ถˆ๋ณ€๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์•ฝ 7์ฒœ์–ต์—์„œ 2000๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 2์กฐ 3์ฒœ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (SERI, 2010), ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์žฌ์‚ฐํ”ผํ•ด ๊ธ‰์ฆ ์ถ”์„ธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋”์šฑ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์–ด 2100๋…„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ด๋ณ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ ์•ฝ 5~20%์— ๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Stern, 2006).

์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๊ด€๋ จ ํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œยทํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ๋„์‹œ, ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ ๋“ฑ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค(Kang et al., 2010; MLTM, 2009; Song, 2009; Lee, 2009; MOV, 2007 ๋“ฑ). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ์›์ธ์ธ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ๊ฐ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๊ต๋ž€๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌยท์ˆ˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณตํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Œ ๋ฐ ์ œ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์„ค ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝยท์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌธ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ, ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™” ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์žฌํ•ด์— ํšจ์œจ์ ยทํ•ญ๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Zandraryaa, 2011). ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ๊ณตํ•™ยท์‹œ์„ค์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์†์— ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์  ๋Œ€์‘์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ2์žฅ๊ณผ ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์™ธ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ยท๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. 

2. ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋… ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(Sustainability) ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ(Sustainable De-vel-opment) ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋Œ€๋‘๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(Postmodernism)์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€๋‘๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(Modernism) ์‚ฌ์กฐ ์†์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‰ด์–ด๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(New Urbanism)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด์กดยท๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ (Economic) ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜(Social) ์‹คํ˜„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค(Newman and Kenworthy, 1999).

2.1 ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐœ๋…

์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ โ€œ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝ(Human Environment)โ€์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ 1972๋…„ ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„(Stockholm)์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ์œ ์—”ํšŒ์˜(UN Conference)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธยท๋ณด์กด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์€ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ UN์€ 1983๋…„ WECD(World Commission on Environment and Development)๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์„ค, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ โ€˜์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ(Sustainable Development)โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ โ€˜๋ธŒ๋ฃฌํŠธ๋ž€ํŠธ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ(Brundtland Report)โ€™์˜ 1987๋…„ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ 1992๋…„ โ€˜๋ฆฌ์šฐ์ง€๊ตฌ์ •์ƒํšŒ์˜(Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro)โ€™๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋ณด์กด์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ โ€˜์„ธ๊ณ„์ •์น˜(World Politics)โ€™์˜ ํ‹€๋กœ์„œ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ •์น˜์˜ ํ‹€์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์‚ฌ์กฐ ํ˜น์€ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ Scott Campbell๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ„ํš๋ถ„์•ผ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Campbell(1996)์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์— ์ ‘๋ชฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” 3๋Œ€ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ยท์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์œจยท์ค‘์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ยท์ง€์‹ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋„์‹œํ˜•ํƒœ(Van der Ryn and Calthorpe, 1991) ๋˜๋Š” ์›์‹œ์ž์—ฐ(Duerr 1985; Turner, 1983)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์  ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™” ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.2 ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋…

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Fig. 1. Three Main Goals of Sustainable Urban Planning and Three Types of Associated Conflicts (Campbell, 1996. Redrawn)

21์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋ฉฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ค์—ผ๊ณผ ์ž์›๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝํŒŒ๊ดด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”(Climate Change)์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด โ€œ์„ธ๊ณ„์ โ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตญํ† ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์ƒ์‹ค, ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ๊ธ‰์ฆ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ”ผํ•ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ๋“ฑ โ€œ์ง€์—ญ์ โ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 1997๋…„ โ€˜๊ตํ† ์˜์ •์„œ(Kyoto Protocol)โ€™๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์ถ•์„ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๊ทน์  ๊ณ ๋ ค ์—†์ด๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ค‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์ž์›๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ(Resource Conflict)(Fig. 1. ์ฐธ๊ณ )โ€™ ์ฆ‰, ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์ถ•์— ์ฃผ์•ˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.

21์„ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์ธ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋…น์ง€ํ™•์ถฉ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ณต์›์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณ„ํš ๋“ฑ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ๋Š” ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์‚ฌ์กฐ์ธ ๋‰ด์–ด๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ๋„์‹œ4), ์–ด๋ฒˆ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€, ์ปดํŒฉํŠธ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ์ €๊ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์•„๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์›์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ ยท์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์ ๊ทน ํ™œ์šฉ, ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ, ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์‚ฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐœํŽธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ ์–ธ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ์ €๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ™”๋œ ์ €๊ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 5๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ ๊ณ„ํš์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌยท๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ์ €๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋…น์ƒ‰๊ตํ†ต์ฒด๊ณ„, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ํšจ์œจํ™”, ์ž์›์ˆœํ™˜์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํƒ„์†Œํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์ƒํƒœ๋ณต์› ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค(Kang et al., 2010). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณ„ํš์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹คํ˜„๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋น„๋Š” ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ์›์ธ์ธ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ˆˆ์•ž์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์‹œยท๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋ฐฉ์žฌํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณด์กด์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋™ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

3. ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ด€๋ จ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€

3.1 ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ณ€ํ™”

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ(Hazard Mitigation)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ด‘์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์žฌํ•ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ โ€œ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ(Emergency Management Cycle)โ€5)์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ยท์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(EMI, n.d.), ๊ด‘์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ โ€œ์ƒ๋ช…ยท์žฌ์‚ฐํ”ผํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋ฐ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์†์  ์กฐ์น˜โ€6)๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ด‘์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์— ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์žฌํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ๊ฐ•๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์‹คํ™” ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ƒ์˜ โ€œ๋ณต๊ตฌ(Recovery)โ€๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ƒ์˜ 4๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ค‘ยท์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜ยท๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Haddow and Bullock, 2003).

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ์กฐ์น˜ยท๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ (Structural)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์ (Non-structural)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค(Wilson, 2009). ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ™์ˆ˜ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ์ œ๋ฐฉ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ํŽŒํ”„์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •, ์žฌํ•ด๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์˜๋ฌดํ™”, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌํ•ด๊ด€๋ จ ํ™๋ณดยท๊ต์œก ๋“ฑ ์‹œ์„ค์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์ฃผ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ๋‹จ์ผ๋ชฉ์  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์žฌํ•ด๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

PIC9D56.jpg

Fig. 2. Three Components of Hazard Risk and Risk Reduction Through Mitigation Efforts (APFM, 2006. Redrawn)

UN ์‚ฐํ•˜์กฐ์ง์ธ WMO(the World Meteorological Organiza-tion)์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋œ APFM(the Associated Programme on Flood Management)์˜ 2006๋…„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋“ฑ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ์ž์ฒด(Hazards)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๋ช…ยท์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ(Exposure)๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ, ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ(Vulnerability) ์š”์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๊ฐ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Fig. 2. ์ฐธ์กฐ). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์–ต์ œ์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ถ•์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธ๋ช…ยท์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค7)๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ APFM(2006)์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๋Œ€์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ 2005๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‰ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šค(New Orleans)์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ํœฉ์“ด ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Cigler, 2009; Kates et al., 2006).

 

3.2 ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€

3.2.1 ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜(Katrina)๊ด€๋ จ ๋‰ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šค ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€

ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜(Hurriance Katrina)๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋‰ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šค ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์นจ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ ธ์™”๋˜ ํฐ์ฐจํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธํ˜ธ์ˆ˜(Lake Pontchar-train)์˜ ์ œ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šค์ง€๋ฐฉ์€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝ 300๋…„์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 27์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ด์ƒ(์•ฝ 11๋…„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ)์˜ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ๊ด€๋ จ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ์ œ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์น˜์ค‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Kates et al., 2006). ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ•ํƒ€ํ•œ 1965๋…„ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ๋ฒ ์น˜(Hurricane Betsy) ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์žฅยท์ถ•์กฐ๋œ ํฐ์ฐจํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ์ œ๋ฐฉ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œ ๋ฐ›์Œ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‹œ์„ค์— ํŽธ์ค‘๋œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค8). ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๋Œ€์‘ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ โ€˜ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ(Resilient Community)โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑยท๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 

โ€˜ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒโ€™๋ž€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค(Godschalk et al., 2009). ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ โ€˜ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅโ€™์ด๋ž€ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์ดํ›„ ์žฌํ•ด ์ด์ „์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค(Godschalk et al., 2009). ๋˜ํ•œ Beatley(1998)๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ด€๋ จ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ โ€˜ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒโ€™๋ฅผ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์•ผ ๋ง๋กœ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋Š” ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•„ํ””์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ, ๋Œ€๋น„, ๋Œ€์‘, ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Bolin and Stanford 1998; NRC 1998). ์ฆ‰, โ€˜ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ โ€˜๋…ธ์ถœ(Exposure)โ€™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ(Built Environment)์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ„ํš์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ์„ค์น˜ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชป์ง€์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ๋Œ€์ฑ…ยท๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ์žฌํ•ด๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ด€๋ จ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ง€์› ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

3.2.2 ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ์•„์ดํฌ(Ike)๊ด€๋ จ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ์ฃผ ๊ฐˆ๋ฒ ์Šคํ†ค ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๊ฐˆ๋ฒ ์Šคํ†ค(Galveston, TX)์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ™œ์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๊ฐˆ๋ฒ ์Šคํ†ค์ง€์—ญ์€ ํœด์Šคํ†ค ์ธ๊ทผ ๋งฅ์‹œ์ฝ”๋งŒ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ฒ ์Šคํ†ค์„ฌ(Galveston Island)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ 1900๋…„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 8,000๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. 1900๋…„ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ ์ดํ›„ ์ถ•์กฐ๋œ ๊ธธ์ด 16ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋†’์ด 5.2๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ 2005๋…„ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ•ํƒ€ํ•œ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ๋ฆฌํƒ€(Rita) ์ดํ›„ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์„ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ๋ฆฌํƒ€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 2006๋…„์— ๋งˆ๋ จ๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋‚œ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ(FEMA)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ด€๋ จ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(HMGP, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program) ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐˆ๋ฒ ์Šคํ†ค์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์„œํ”„์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋น„์น˜(Surfside Beach) ๋งˆ์„ ์ง€๋„์ž๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์Šต ํ”ผํ•ด ์ฃผํƒ์„ ๋งค์ž…ยท๋ณด์ƒ(buyouts)์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ „์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผ์‹œ์ผœ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐˆ๋ฒ ์Šคํ†ค ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— ํ•ด๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด์‹œ์„ค ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐ•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ 9์ฑ„์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ด์ฃผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๋งค์ž…ยท๋ณด์ƒ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ฃผํƒ์€ 2๋…„ ํ›„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ•ํƒ€ํ•œ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ์•„์ดํฌ(Ike)์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ƒ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(Fig. 3. ์ฐธ๊ณ ) ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ณต๊ตฌ ์ฐจ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์  ๋Œ€์ฑ…๋งˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ฑ„ํƒ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ๋‚œ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ์•„์ดํฌ(Ike) ํ”ผํ•ด๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์žฌ๋‚œ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ช…ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ฐ ์žฌ์‚ฐ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 3์–ต 9์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ํŽธ์„ฑยท์ง€์›ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์žฌ๋‚œ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ์ , ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์นจ์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์ง€์ƒ๊ณ  ๋†’์ž„์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์ง„ ๋ณด๊ฐ•๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์œ ํ˜•์—๋Š” ์žฌํ•ดํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์œ„ํ—˜๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์ง€ ๋งค์ž…์ด ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(FEMA, 2008).

  

3.2.3 ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‚˜์•„ ์ฃผ ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋นŒ(Roseville)์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€

PIC9D67.jpg PIC9D77.jpg

Fig. 3. Satellite Images: Before and After Hurricane Ike (FEMA, 2008)

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐˆ๋ฒ ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌํ•ด์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝยท๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ƒˆํฌ๋ผ๋ฉ˜ํ† (Sacramento) ์™ธ๊ณฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋นŒ(Roseville)์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค(APA, 2010). The Pleasant Grove Creek๊ณผ The Dry Creek ๋“ฑ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋นŒ์‹œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ The Dry Creek ์œ ์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 1950๋…„๊ณผ 2003๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด 10๊ฑด9)์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ™์ˆ˜ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ 3์ฒœ 7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋นŒ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™์ˆ˜ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉฐ 1980๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณต๊ณต์ €๋ฅ˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋Š ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ”ผํ•ด10)๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ 1995๋…„ ํ™์ˆ˜ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ… ๊ฐ•๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋นŒ์‹œ๋Š” HMGP๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋นŒ์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ์‚ฌ์—…ยทํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ ๊ทน์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ‹€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋นŒ์‹œ์—๋Š” 14๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด์กฐ์ •์œ„์›ํšŒ(Multi-Hazard Steering Committee)๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ํ† ์˜์™€ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํ”ผํ•ด์ง€์—ญ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๋งค์ž… ๋“ฑ ์žฌํ•ด์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ณ„ํš์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ • ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋นŒ์‹œ๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋Œ€์‘ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ยท๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 

3.2.4 ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ์ฃผ ๋ณธ(Bourne)ํƒ€์šด ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๋ณธํƒ€์šด(Bourne, MA)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝยท๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๋„์‹ฌ์žฌ์ƒ, ์ฆ‰ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ 2๋งŒ ๋ช… ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์†Œ๋„์‹œ์ธ ๋ณธํƒ€์šด์€ ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ์ฃผ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋ฒ„์ž์ฆˆ๋งŒ(Buzzards Bay)์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธํƒ€์šด์˜ ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ธ ๋ฒ„์ž์ฆˆ๋ฒ ์ด๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€(the Village of Buzzards Bay)๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ ์นจ์ˆ˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ฑ ํญ์šฐ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ทจ์•ฝ11)ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„ ์ „ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹ฌ ๊ณต๋™ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๋„์‹ฌ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด๊ด€๋ จ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํšํ•œ ๋„์‹ฌ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ง€์ฒด์‹œ์ผœ ๋„์‹ฌ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธํƒ€์šด์€ ๊ตฌ๋„์‹ฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์žฌ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋„์‹ฌ ๋‚ด ์ทจ์•ฝ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์œ ์ธ์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์นœํ™”์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํƒ„์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธํƒ€์šด์€ ์šฐ์„  ์ง€์—ญ ์‹ค์ •์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌํ•ด์œ„ํ—˜๋ฐฉ์ง€์œ„์›ํšŒ(DHMC, Disaster Hazard Mitigation Committee)๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด 27๋ช…์˜ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์—๋Š” ์ง€์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์œ„์›๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํƒ€์šด์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž, ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ์ค€๊ณต๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹จ์ฒด, ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ธ, ์ง€์—ญ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ ๋“ฑ ์žฌํ•ดํ”ผํ•ด ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜์  ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ, ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ๋ณธํƒ€์šด ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” 19๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฐ•๋ น12)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ณธํƒ€์šด์€ ๋„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ธ ๋ฒ„์ž์ฆˆ๋ฒ ์ด๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋„์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณธํƒ€์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋„์‹ฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค, ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด์ง€์—ญ์ž„์„ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ•๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—…ยท ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์žฅํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋„์‹ฌ ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ž„์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณธํƒ€์šด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์†Œ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ์ •ํ™•๋ณด์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธํƒ€์šด์€ ๋„์‹ฌ ์นจ์ˆ˜ํ”ผํ•ด์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์›์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์›์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์› ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šค(Smart Growth) ๋“ฑ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋„์‹œ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์› ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š”  ๋ณธํƒ€์šด ๋„์‹ฌ์„ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋„์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์‹คํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„์‹ฌ์„ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋„์‹ฌํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ๊พ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธํƒ€์šด์€ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‹œ์„ค์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๊ทœ์ œ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ณธํƒ€์šด์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ โ€˜ํ•ด์–‘๋™๋ฌผ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋ณ‘์›(NMLC, the National Marine Life Center)โ€™์„ ๋„์‹ฌ์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ์ •์œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์ง€์— ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋„์‹œ์•ˆ์ „ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ ๊ทน ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นจ์ˆ˜ํ”ผํ•ด ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ํ™์ˆ˜ํ”ผํ•ด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋Œ€์‹  ํ™์ˆ˜ํ”ผํ•ด ๋†’์ด ์ดํ•˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์œ„๋ณ„๋กœ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ๋„ยท์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์‹ ์ถ•ยทํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ ์ง€์ƒ๋ถ€์—์„œ์˜ ๋„์‹œํ™œ๋™ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ธ๊ทผ์ง€์—ญ ์žฌ์ƒ ์ด‰๋งค์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌํ•ด์ทจ์•ฝ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์— ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ž…์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ง์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ํ† ์ง€ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ๋‚˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ์žฌํ•ด๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์— ๊ทœ์ œ์ผ๋ณ€๋„์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธํƒ€์šด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‹œ์„ค ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ฐœ๋… ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์ด๋ค„์งˆ ๋•Œ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

4. ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐœ๋… ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝ

์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธยท๋ณด์กด๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ •์น˜์  ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์‚ฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜์˜ ์‹คํ˜„ ์—†์ด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹ ํ•˜์— ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜๊ตฌํ˜„์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์ค‘์žฌ, ์กฐ์œจ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์‹ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Campbell, 1996). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ฐ์ถ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณตํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„์‹œยท๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์žฌํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฒซ์งธ, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ •์˜๋กญ๊ณ  ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋„์‹œยท ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด์„ค, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธยท๋ณด์กด์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ์›์ธ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธยท๋ณด์กด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณ„ํš๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์†Œํ™€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ณ ๋ ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

๋‘˜์งธ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐฉ์žฌํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ ์ค‘์ธ โ€˜ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ(Resilient Community)โ€™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜(Risk)์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” 3๋Œ€ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ๋…ธ์ถœ(Exposure)๊ณผ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ(Vulnerability) ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. 3๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด(Hazard)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ ๋‚ดํฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์–ต์ œ์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ จ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ โ€˜์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ์›์ธ ์ œ๊ฑฐโ€™๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ ๊ณ„ํš์š”์†Œยท๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, โ€˜ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒโ€™ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–‘๋Œ€ ์ถ”์ง„๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ โ€˜์žฌํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ํก์ˆ˜โ€™์™€ โ€˜์žฌํ•ด ์ดํ›„ ๋ณต๊ตฌยท๋ณต์› ์šฉ์ด์„ฑโ€™ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์‹œ์„ค ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํฐ ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด์— ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 

์…‹์งธ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ•๊ตฌยท๋งˆ๋ จํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ยท์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ์›์ธ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ๋„์‹œํ‘œ๋ฉด ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ €๋ฅ˜์‹œ์„ค ์„ค์น˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒจ๋‘์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ด€๋ จ ๋น—๋ฌผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ์›์ธ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์›์ˆœํ™˜ยท ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ธ์‹๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์šฉ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

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Fig. 4. Sustainable Development Concept Considering Natural Hazards

์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” โ€˜์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ์›์ธ์ œ๊ฑฐโ€™์™€ โ€˜์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณดโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์•„๋ž˜์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜ ์‹คํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋„์‹œยท ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ด์†Œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ(Campbell, 1996)์œผ๋กœ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ ๊ทน์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ (์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ ), ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง„ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹œยท ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ(๋‚ฎ์€ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ ์•…ํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ๋ฐ€์ง‘์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์˜ ์šฐ์„ ๊ฐ•๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ ยท์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋… ์†์—์„œ ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋‚ ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹œยท๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์  ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Kang and Lee, 2006; Kim and Moon, 2007; APFM, 2006; FEMA, 2008 ๋“ฑ). ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌยท์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ๊ด€๋ จ ํฌ๊ด„์  ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ(์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ์›์ธ์ œ๊ฑฐ)์™€ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” โ€˜ํšŒ์ƒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒโ€™๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— โ€˜๋…ธ์ถœ(Exposure)โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ(Vulnerability)โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒยท๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถ•์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑยท์ถฉ๋Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๊ทน์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์™€ ์ง‘์ค‘์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™” ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์— ์—ฐ์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(Campbell, 1996). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜์‹ฌ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์ฒญํšŒ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ–ฅํ‰๊ฐ€, ์‹ฌ์˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์ •๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ฆฌยท์กฐ์ •์˜ ํ‹€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Innes and Booher, 2004) ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ • ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ ์–ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์†์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ(์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ์›์ธ์ œ๊ฑฐ)์ธก๋ฉด์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์‹œยท๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš ๊ด€๋ จ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ฏธ์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ยท๋น„๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ โ€˜๋…ธ์ถœ(Exposure)โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ(Vulner-ability)โ€™์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ยท์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„์‹œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ยท์ œ๋„์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์€ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ โ€˜์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜(Anthropocen-tricEnvironmentalism)13)โ€™์™€ โ€˜์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜(Ecocentric Envir-onmentalism)โ€™ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘๋„์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Campbell, 1996). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๊ธ‰์ง„์  โ€˜์ƒํƒœ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์šด๋™๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ โ€˜์–ด์Šคํผ์ŠคํŠธ(Earth First!)โ€™14)๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋“ฏ์ด ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™๋ฌธ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ํ•™๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฌธ๋ช…ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ณตํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์น˜์ค‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ‰์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ15)์ด 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ’์š”๋กญ๊ณ  ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๋„์‹œยท์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘์ค‘์  ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ฐฉ์œ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ˆ์‹คํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋‹ค.

Acknowledgements

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ตญํ† ํ•ด์–‘๋ถ€)๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฑด์„ค๊ตํ†ต๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์›์—์„œ ์œ„ํƒ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ 2011๋…„๋„ ์ฒจ๋‹จ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…(11์ฒจ๋‹จ๋„์‹œG09) ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„.

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